Unit 1 Review

The study of disordered body function is known as __________.

Pathophysiology

__________ is the maintenance of relatively constant internal environment in face of changing external environment.

Homeostasis

The ideal normal value of a variable in homeostasis is referred to as the __________.

Set point

The nervous system uses __________ transmission to communicate between neurons.

fast electrical

The __________ system uses chemical messengers to transmit signals throughout the body.

endocrine

The three components of feedback systems for maintaining homeostasis are sensor mechanism, integration center, and __________ organ.

effector

__________ feedback promotes stability and homeostasis by preventing over-compensation.

Negative

__________ feedback promotes change in one direction and can lead to disease if no external brake occurs.

Positive

Feedback Gain is calculated as __________ over Error.

Correct

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of __________ with diverse proteins embedded within it.

phospholipids

The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids are made of __________.

phosphate

Cholesterol makes up about __________ percent of the plasma membrane's lipids, affecting its fluidity.

20

The type of proteins that completely pass through the plasma membrane are called __________ proteins.

Integral (transmembrane)

__________ proteins adhere to the intracellular surface providing anchoring for cytoskeletal proteins.

Peripheral

Channel proteins that consume ATP are referred to as __________.

Pumps

The __________ model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.

Fluid Mosaic

Movement through the lipid bilayer without any energy is known as __________ diffusion.

Simple

The process of transporting substances into the cell using vesicles is called __________.

Endocytosis

__________ channels allow for passive diffusion determined by size, shape, and charge of ions.

Ungated

The Nernst potential is the electric potential difference across a membrane that balances the __________ gradient for an ion.

concentration

__________ refers to the tendency for a solution to cause a cell to swell or shrink.

Tonicity

A hypertonic solution can cause a cell to undergo __________, where it shrivels and becomes irregularly shaped.

crenation

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from areas of __________ concentration to areas of less concentration.

more solute

Filtration is the movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by __________ pressure.

hydrostatic

Mediated transport mechanisms involve the movement of particles down a concentration gradient using __________.

transport proteins

Facilitated diffusion involves molecules moving across a cell membrane via __________ channels down their concentration gradient without energy.

protein

Secondary active transport usually involves the movement of one solute down its gradient to drive the transport of another solute __________ its gradient.

against

The process of endocytosis that involves ingesting large particles is called __________.

Phagocytosis

In __________, cells take in small droplets of extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes.

Pinocytosis

Vesicular transport requires __________ for the bulk movement of large particles across a membrane.

ATP

The Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump is responsible for regulating cell __________ and maintaining resting cell membrane potential.

volume

Calcium ATPase maintains a low __________ concentration inside the cell.

cystolic Ca2+

The __________ ATPase pump is present in parietal cells of gastric glands and helps in HCl secretion.

Potassium-Hydrogen (K+-H+)