Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 1 (set 2)

Umbilical Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Center region; surrounds navel

Epigastric Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Region superior to the umbilical

Hypogastric (Pubic) Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Region inferior to the umbilical

Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Lateral to hypogastric on right

Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Lateral to hypogastric on left

Right Lumbar Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Lateral to umbilical on right

Left Lumbar Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Lateral to umbilical on left

Right Hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Flanks epigastric region on right; contains lower ribs

Left Hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic Regions Flanks epigastric region on left; contains lower ribs

Oral Cavity

Other Body Cavities Contains teeth and tongue; continuous with digestive tract

Digestive Cavity

Other Body Cavities Part of the continuous digestive tube

Nasal Cavity

Other Body Cavities Located behind the nose; part of the respiratory system

Orbital Cavities

Other Body Cavities Houses the eyes in the skull

Middle Ear Cavities

Other Body Cavities Medial to eardrums; contain tiny bones transmitting sound to inner ear

TERM/ITEM/CATEGORY

DEFINITIONS/POINTS

Marvelous Organism

The fact that the body contains trillions of cells in constant activity, and remarkably little usually goes wrong with it, shows its complexity and function.

(ho″meo-sta′sis)

Describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.

Literal Translation of (ho″meo-sta′sis)

"Unchanging" (homeo = the same; stasis = standing still), though it actually indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium.

Dynamic State of Equilibrium

A balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits.

Body Needs Met

The body functions smoothly when its needs are adequately met.

Organ Systems

Play a role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment.

Vital Nutrients

Must be continuously present in adequate blood levels.

Heart Activity/Blood Pressure

Must be constantly monitored and adjusted so blood reaches all body tissues.

Waste Products

Must not be allowed to accumulate in the body.

Body Temperature

Must be precisely controlled to maintain balance.

Communication Systems

Accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems using electrical signals or hormones.

Control System Components

All mechanisms have three parts: a receptor, control center, and effector.

Receptor

A sensor that monitors/responds to environmental changes (stimuli) and sends input to the control center.

Afferent Pathway

Pathway along which information travels from the receptor to the control center.

Control Center

Determines the level (set point) at which a variable is maintained; analyzes information and determines response.

Effector

Provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus.

Efferent Pathway

Pathway along which information exits from the control center to the effector.

Negative Feedback

Response reduces the original change, so the control mechanism is shut off.

Positive Feedback

Response increases the original change, so the reaction continues at an even faster rate.

Example of Negative Feedback

Home heating system: thermostat triggers heater when temp drops, turns it off when temp rises.

Body "Thermostat"

Regulates body temperature similarly to a home thermostat.

Regulated by Negative Feedback

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, hormone release, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

Rarity of Positive Feedback

Uncommon because it increases the disturbance and pushes the variable further from original value.

Examples of Positive Feedback

Blood clotting and the birth of a baby.

(homeostatic imbalance)

Most disease results from the disturbance of stable internal conditions.

Aging Effects

Organs become less efficient, internal conditions less stable, increasing illness risk and causing aging-related changes.

Purpose of Imbalance Examples

Enhance understanding of normal physiological mechanisms.

Regional Anatomy

All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

Systemic Anatomy

Body structure is studied system by system. For example, when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.

Surface Anatomy

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface; used to identify bulging muscles or locate blood vessels for pulses and blood draws.

Microscopic Anatomy

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye; uses thin tissue slices stained and mounted on slides for microscope study.

Cytology

Considers the cells of the body.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Developmental Anatomy

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

Embryology

Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Pathological Anatomy

Studies structural changes caused by disease.

Radiographic Anatomy

Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

Molecular Biology

Investigates the structure of biological molecules (chemical substances); included under anatomy when studies go to the subcellular level.

Anatomical Terminology

Essential tool for studying anatomy along with observation, manipulation, palpation, and auscultation.

Palpation

Feeling organs with your hands.

Auscultation

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope.

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Covered by a thin, double-layered membrane (serosa); lines walls and covers organs.

Parietal Serosa

Part of the membrane lining the cavity walls; folds in to form the covering on the organs.

Visceral Serosa

Covers the organs in the cavity.

Serous Fluid

Thin layer of lubricating fluid secreted by both membranes, allowing organs to slide without friction.

Parietal Pericardium

Lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart.

Visceral Pericardium

Covers the heart.

Parietal Pleura

Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.

Visceral Pleura

Covers the lungs.

Parietal Peritoneum

Associated with the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Visceral Peritoneum

Covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleurae; causes pain due to roughened surfaces of serous membranes.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritonea; results in painful friction between organs.

Renal Physiology

Concerns kidney function and urine production.

Neurophysiology

Explains the workings of the nervous system.

Cardiovascular Physiology

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.