A&P College Test Units 1-3

Levels of organization

Chemical-Organelles- Cells, Tissues- Organs- Organ Systems- Organism

Absorption

the ability for materials to pass through a membrane

Movement

When a material changed direction or position

Excretion

expelling waste

Responsiveness

reaction to change that happens inside or outside the body

Metabolism

chemical reactions that take place inside the cell

Homeostasis

the ability to keep the body in a stable internal environment, typically occurs through negative feedback

Isotopes

cell with same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Electrolytes

release ions in water and conduct an electrical current

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Anatomical Position

body in a standard body position

Filtration

when a material is dissolved by water and the water is filtered through a membrane

Negative Feedback

opposite of stimulus, brings body back into homeostasis, resets

Positive Feedback

encourages the change (ex. contractions)

Digestive System

absorbtion of nutrients

Skeletal System

Movement, protection, produces blood cells

Nervous System

Coordination of body and organ systems

Respiratory System

intake and output of air, in oxygen and CO2

Reproductive System

produces egg or sperm

Integumentary System

skin, products underlying tissues, maintains body temperature

Endocrine System

hormones, deals with metabolism

Cardiovascular System

moves blood through the body

Covalent Bond

share electrons on outer shell

Ionic Bond

transfers electrons opposites attract

Parietal layer

covers the cavity

Visceral layer

covers organ

Exchange reaction

chemical reactions when they exchange atoms (single and double replacement)

What is the pH of an acid?

below 7

What is the pH of a base?

above 7

Characteristics of carbohydrates

sugar, contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen, provides energy

Unsaturated Fat

has double bonds on some carbon atoms and fewer hydrogen atoms

Saturated Fats

only single bonds, more hydrogen

Characteristics of proteins

Can be enzymes, made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen nitrogen sometimes sulfur

What is the function of DNA?

stores genetic material

What are the three main parts of a composite cell?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Function of cell membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, maintains integrity of cell, provides barrier for solubles, is flexible

What is the function of lysosomes?

breaks down things like proteins and carbohydrates in the cell

What is the function of ER?

synthesizes proteins

What is the function of Rough ER

protein synthesis

What is the function of Smooth ER

lipid synthesis

What is the function of centrioles

organize microtubules during mitosis

What is the function of golgi apparatus

further protein modification, sorting, and packing

What is the function of mitochondria

produces energy for the cell, produces ATP, site of aerobic respiration

What is the function of flagella

tail for movement (only found in sperm)

What is the function of cilia

small hair-like structures that help cells move

What is the function of nucleolus

used in production of ribosomes, center of nucleus

How are simple and facilitated diffusion alike?

both move from high to low concentration, no ATP is required

Isotonic

cell stays the same size

hypertonic

the cell shrinks

Hypotonic

cell swells

Active transport

requires ATP, low to high, usually requires carrier molecule

Passive Transport

no ATP, high to low, no carrier

Phagocytosis

takes in solid particles through cell membrane

Pinocytosis

takes in liquid particles

stages of cell cycle

Interphase (G1-S-G2) -Metaphase (P-M-T-A) -Cytokinesis- Differentiation

What are stem cells?

cells with the ability to self-renew

What are the two genes that cause cancer?

Tumor suppressing gene and oncogenes

What cavity contains the brain?

Cranial cavity

What cavity contains the spinal cord?

Vertebral cavity

What cavity has the lungs and heart?

Thoratic cavity

What cavity has the digestive organs and kidneys?

Abdominal cavity

What cavity has the reproductive organs and bladder?

Pelvic cavity

Superior

Towards head

Inferior

towards feet

Anterior

towards the front of body

Posterior

towards back of body

Medial

Close to middle of body

Lateral

Closer to outside of body

Ipsilateral

between medial and lateral

Contralateral

opposite side (left hand and right lung)

Proximal

only used in arms and legs closer to end of limb

Distal

only used in arms and legs away from trunk of body

Superficial

near surface of the body

Deep

away from surface of the body

What does water do to iconically bonded atoms?

it disassociates them, breaks them apart