AP history

Why did the population of Europe double between 1000 and 1300 A.D.?

The increased accumulation of food from crop-yielding land.

What caused the famine of 1315 through 1317?

The consuming demand of overpopulated Europe.

When and how was "The Black Death" transferred to Europe?

1346, via the contaminated rats and fleas from the Black Sea region to external European seaports

Why was the Black Plague highly contactable?

The respiratory exchange of virulent-infested air.

What methods did physicians and educated scholars use to prevent Black Plague transmission?

Application of herbal medication, herbs and smoke in densely-populated areas, and aromatic water cleansing

What, according to the advice literature, was the utmost remedy for the sin-punishing plague?

Penance (self-punishment; atonement)

The Decameron (1358) by: Giovanni Boccaccio

Depicted passages of various reactions to The Black Death and his view that the optimum treatment was isolation from contagions and upholding their beliefs for sustainance.

What did flagellants do in response to The Black Death?

They atoned themselves with self-inflicted harm (penance); these unsanitary rituals further escalated the plague, and were outlawed from the Church.

Why were Jews condemned as the source of the Black Plague?

Christian prejudice, and their positions as financers

As the "source" of the Black Plague, Jews were...

Massacred as they were liable.

Why did the salaries and amount of artisians increase after the Black Plague?

The surging demand of their products over agricultural comodities, scarce amount of surviving farm workers, and their more personally-rewarding careers in cities' craft industries.

What did landowners do to regain profits after the Black Plague?

They replaced their tediously-laborious grain fields for more commercial wool-producing pastures.

What did the 1351 Statute of English Parliament do?

It bound the lowest economic class to cultivate their employer's land with pre-plague salaries.

What did the France legislature do after the Plague?

They raised the taille.

Taille

A French direct tax on peasants, which nobles and clergy were exempt

The French Jacquerie occurred as...

The peasants' response to the increased taille.

The 1381 English Peasants' Revolt occurred from...

Labourers uprising against the 1351 Statute of Labourers

Why did urban centres prosper after the Black Death?

Legislative acts authorizing immigration and regulating the rural production of commodities

Why did wealth in the cities increase and decrease for rural areas?

Income in the cities rose from the inflowing workforce, while there was a declining demand for agricultural vendibles from the countryside.

Why were the confining laws by empowered guilds opposed by master artisians?

The opposition was present because artisians desired limited competition and an industry with a prolonged growth, whereas guilds secured domestic industries.

Why were the landed nobility and Catholic Church questioned in regards of use to monarchies, post-1350?

Centralized governments and economies driven by citizen's flourishing nationalism led to waged, professional militaries. (especially in the Hundred Years' War)

When did the Hundred Years' War begin?

May 1337, as a result of English monarch Edward III's declaration of his birthright claim to the French throne, as grandson to Philip the Fair

Why could a direct royal bloodline not be established for the French throne before the Hundred Years' War?

Charles IV did not produce a male heir

Who did the French nobility enlist as the monarch in opposition to Edward III?

Philip VI of Valois, first cousin to the late French monarch Charles IV

Why were the territorial European powers of England and France in conflict?

This is due to: Edward's possession of French fiefs (land), England' s influence of their wool exports to Flanders, and their individual national identities.

What was fourteenth century France grappling with?

The transfer from a fractured medieval society to a "contemporary", centralized state.

What did the French king initially do for militial funding?

He depreciated the currency and borrowed heavily from Italian leaders, while aggrevating domestic conflicts.

What happened in the Estates General of 1355?

It was summoned to levy taxes and caused regional divisions from extending their own sovereignty.

Why was English military superior to the French in the Late Middle Ages?

Organized discipline, advanced weapons, and federal government

In the first stage of the Hundred Years' War, what did English king Edward III do?

He prohibited the export of wool to Flanders and provoked urban revolts from merchants and trade guilds.

In 1340, what did the Flemish cities do?

As directed by Ghent and influenced by merchant Jacob von Artevelde, they allied with England and proclaimed Edward III as the king of France.

On \_______________, England's king Edward III defeated the French fleet at \______________.

June 23, 1340; Bay of Sluys

When was the seaport of Calais obtained by England?

After the battle of Crecy and attack on Normandy

What, in France, enabled the encaptivement of Philip VI to England?

The dismantled political power hierarchy of France and dispelled French calavry

Why did France and England truce the Hundred Years' War temporarily in 1347?

Emergence of the Black Death, exhaustive previous battles and conquers

Political power in France was seized by \________ (led by influential merchants of Paris) from the royal monarchy.

the Estates General

Despite a divisional, ineffective government, the higher classes of the Estates General inflicted...

Ever-increasing taxes (taille) on the poorest class to compensate for war-damaged properties and secure legislative rights of the privileged

The Peace of Bretigny-Calais (imposed by the English to the French on May 9, 1360)

ended Edward III's obligation to the king of France and asserted his sovereignty over English territories in France.

At the time of King Edward III's death in 1377, the French \____________.

had progressed to limit England's land claims to their coastal shores

What did King Richard II's reign include?

An English Peasantry Uprising led by John Ball (secular priest) and Wat Tyler (journeyman). This led to a divided nation for decades.

How and when was the Hundred Years' War recommenced?

Henry V's routment of the French army at Agincourt on October 25, 1415

When was the Duke of Burgundy assassinated?

September 1419

What did the Treaty of Troys (1420) do?

It disregarded the legitimate heir of the French throne and instated Henry V as the successor to Charles VI.

Henry V and Charles VI both \___________ in 1422.

died

In spite of the Treaty of Troys and infant king Henry VI (of France and England), French citizens...

observed King Charles VII as their rule.

What did Joan of Arc declare to Charles VII in March 1429?

The King of Heaven had bestowed to her the seize of Orleans from England.

Why did Charles VII permit leave to Joan of Arc?

Orleans was an imperative city with control of the territory south of the Loire River

Why was Joan of Arc successful in her siegement of the Loire River?

Exhaustment of English troops from a six-month bockade, and her contagious sense of national French identity and destiny.

How was Charles VII enabled to receive his crown and title in Rheims?

The nine-year renouncement of his reign ended from the Treaty of Troys.

When did the Burgundians capture Joan of Arc?

May 1430

The Inquisition (of England's) Roen interrogated \__________("Maid of Orleans") for ten weeks and executed her as \____________on May 30, 1431.

Joan of Arc; a relapsed heretic

What did Charles VII do in 1456, in a reopened case?

He affirmed Joan of Arc's innocence from all charges.

How did the The Hundred Years' War end?

In 1453, the English only possessed their coastal enclave of Calais because of the peace established between France and Burgundy in 1435.

Pope Innocent III

Expounded the doctrine of papal plentitude of power with the authority to proclaim saints of the Church, provided property and income to the clergy, and established a centralized papal rule with political objectives.

What did the insurgence of politics into the Catholic Church cause?

It weakened spiritually, and divided into two factions of: the Papacy and "the Body of the Faithful"

Pope Urban IV

Instituted a court of the papacy, Rota Romana, for collective Church legal proceedings

What was broadened to accommodate the Church's international bureaucracy in the thirteenth century?

The system of clerical taxation and reservation of benefices

Who did not support the papacy's centralization?

Diocesans (bishops of ecclesiastical districts) with reduced power, Cathars, and Waldensians that believed in a church with simplicity and separation from the world

Former parliaments formed under the rules of \_________ and \___________. as the English precedent of consultation between the king and affluent subjects.

Henry III and Edward I

Instances of Philip IV the Fair's reign:

France became an efficient, centralized monarchy, aspirations to cease England's holds in the continent, control financially-prosperous Flanders, and exhibit French dominance (hegemony) in the Holy Roman Empire

Pope Boniface VIII's reign experienced...

the transition to limited power of the church an the face of dominant political powers (Juggernauts) in the late 1200's

To fund a Crusade, France and England...

taxed the clergy immensely, in opposition to Pope Innocent III's ruling with papal consent in 1215

The bull Clericis laicos by Pope Boniface VIII.....

forbade lay taxation of the clergy without papal authorization and revoked previous papal rulings in this regard

When did Pope Boniface VIII issue the bull Clericis laicos?

February 5, 1296

What did the English king Edward I do in retaliation of the bull Clericis laicos?

He renounced the crown's protection of the clergy and their right to be acknowledged in court.

What did the French king Philip the Fair do in retaliation of the bull Clericis laicos?

He prohibited the transfer of funds from his kingdom to Rome.

Why did Pope Boniface VIII compromise with Philip the Fair?

The papacy lost their essential revenues from the prohibited transfer of funds from France to Rome.

When did Philip the Fair prohibit the transfer of funds from France to Rome?

August 1296

Who were attempting to annul Pope Boniface VIII's election?

Colonna noble family and radical disciples of Saint Francis of Assissi (Spiritual Franciscans)

What were the justifications of Pope Boniface VIII's election annul?

The forced resignation (or murder) of Pope Celestine V, heresy, and simony.

Heresy

Blasphemy against the Catholic Church; proclaims of false, opposing teaching

Simony

The selling of church offices, roles, and sacred things

When was Pope Boniface's Jubilee Year?

1300, from the remittance (money) from unrepented Catholics that traveled to Rome in the tens of thousands

What did Pope Boniface VIII do with the prominent religiousity in Rome during his Jubilee Year?

He publicly declared support for the resistance of Scotland to England; this received rebuke from an infuriated King Edward I and English Parliament.

Philip the Fair of France persecuted Boniface VIII's Parisian clergy member, \_____________, for heresy and treason.

Bernard Saisset

What did Pope Boniface VIII have to do to recognize the royal process in opposition to Bernard Saisset?

He was demanded by Philip the Fair to surrender his authority over the French episcopate.

Episcopate

The position or office of a bishop

What did Pope Boniface VIII say in support of Bernard Saisset?

"(he is) a defender of clerical political independence in France"

What did Pope Boniface VIII do for Saisset's unconditional release?

He annulled former compromises with Philip the Fair in terms of clerical taxation; he ordered the French bishops to convene in Rome in a year.

bull Ausculta fili

"Listen, my son"- by Pope Boniface VIII to Philip the Fair in December 1301 to inform him that "God has set popes over kings and kingdoms)

\_____________ and \_____________ (royal apologists) countered papal claims to the right to intervene in temporal (secular) proceedings.

Pierre Dubois and John of Paris

When did Boniface VIII publish the bull Unam Sanctum ?

November 18, 1302

What did the bull Unam Sanctum decree?

Royal, secular leaders to be subject to the spiritual power of the Church

What did the French chief minister, Guillaume de Nogaret, do in retaliation of Unam Sanctum?

Guillaume's army ambushed and Pope Boniface VIII at his Anagni Retreat

When did Guillaume ambush Pope Boniface VIII?

Mid-August 1303

When did Pope Boniface VIII die?

October 1303, likely from the Guillaume ambush effects

Pope Benedict XI officially excluded Philip's chief minister Nogaret from \_______________ for \_____________.

Sacrament participation; ambushing (and killing) Pope Boniface VIII

What did Pope Clement V do for France?

He proclaimed that Unam Sanctum should not be interpreted as demoting French royal authority, released Guillaume de Nogaret from exocommunication, and paved the way for Philip the Fair to seize the Catholic Knights Templars' treasure.

In 1309, where did Clement V transfer the papal court?

Avignon- an imperial city on the southeastern border of France

How long did Avignon remain the pope's permanent residence?

From 1311 to 1377

Subsequent to the rule of Boniface VIII, ecclesiastical dominance (the Catholic Church) became secondary to \________________.

Secular political legislations

Annates

A church's first year profits given to the papal treasury

Benefices

Property and income are provided for clerical duties

What did France manage under Pope Clement V?

The College of Cardinals, which the pope broadened taxation for.

What did Pope Clement VI do?

He established the sale of indulgences.

Indulgences

Pardons for unrepented sin for the living or the deceased [15th century] to reduce their purgatory sentence

Purgatory

A domain for souls to atone for venial (forgivable) sins, as affirmed in the [materialistic] doctrine of the Catholic Church

What did Pope John XXII do?

He attempted to restore papal independence and the seat of power to Italy- this led to a conflict with French Emperor Louis IV.

Emperor Louis IV's election was challenged by \_____________ (who was in favor of the rival Hapsburg candidate)

Pope John XXII

What resulted from Pope John XXII's challenge of Emperor Louis IV's election?

A confrontation akin to that of Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair.