IPS1 - (A1) Matter

Proverbs 16:3

Chemistry

the science that describes matter - its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany those process

Chemistry

the central science

Branches of Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

Biochemistry

Physical Chemistry

Organic chemistry

hydrocarbons and its derivatives

Inorganic chemistry

inorganic compounds, metals, minerals

Analytical chemistry

detection and identification of substance present (qualitative analysis) or amount of each substance (quantitative analysis)

Biochemistry

processes in living organism

Physical chemistry

behavior of matter

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

Mass

measure of the quantity of matter

Volume

amount of space

Energy

the capacity to do work or to transfer heat

Kinetic energy

energy in motion

Potential energy

energy at rest

Energy change: Exothermic

release of heat

Energy change: Endothermic

absorbs heat

Solid

• molecules packed closely together orderly

• rigid

Liquid

• molecules are closed but randomly arranged

• flows and assumes the shape of the container

Gases

• molecules are far apart

• fills any container completely

Melting

solid to liquid

Freezing

liquid to solid

Evaporation

liquid to gas

Condensation

gas to liquid

Deposition

gas to solid

Sublimation

solid to gas

Physical properties

can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance

Physical properties

color, hardness, melting point, boiling point

Chemical properties

exhibited by matter as it undergoes changes in composition

Chemical properties

• hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions

• iron reacts with oxygen gas to form rust

• a dry piece of paper burns

Physical properties

silver is a shiny metal that conducts electricity very well

sulfur is a yellow powder

pure water has density of 0.998 g/cm3 at 25 degree C

Extensive properties

dependent on the amount of the substance

Extensive property

- more substance, greater mass

Mass

Extensive property

- more substance, greater volume

Volume

Intensive properties

independent on the amount of the substance

Intensive properties

• Density

• Electrical conductivity

• Melting point

• Color

• Hardness

Chemical change

• one or more substances are used up

• one or more new substances are formed energy is absorbed or released

• irreversible

Chemical change

burning of paper

cooking an egg

souring of milk

fireworks exploding

Physical change

• no change in chemical composition

• reversible

Physical change

• shredding of paper

• boiling of water

• breaking a bottle

• ice cream melting

• making a sand castle

• Macbook falling out of the window

True

a physical change may suggest that a chemical change has also taken place

for instance, a color change, a warming, or the formation of a solid when two solutions are mixed could indicate a chemical change

Classification of matter

Mixture

• variable composition

• may be separated in to pure substances by physical methods (e.g. distillation, filtration)

Pure substance

• fixed composition

• cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods

Homogenous mixture

components are not distinguishable, single phase, same composition throughout (i.e. same amount in any areas)

Homogenous mixture

solution

Heterogenous mixture

components are distinguishable, multiple phases, do not have same composition throughout (i.e. different amount in various areas)

Heterogenous mixture

• suspension

• colloids

• freshly squeezed orange juice

Compounds

• can be decomposed to simpler substances by chemical change

• consist of two atoms of two more elements bound together

Compound

water = 2H + 1O

table salt = NaCl

Elements

• cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by chemical changes

• consists of only one kind of atom

Ag (Silver)

Argentum

Gold (Au)

Aurum

Copper (Cu)

Cuprum

Iron (Fe)

Ferrum

Mercury (Hg)

Hydrargyrum

Potassium (K)

Kallium

Sodium (Na)

Natrium

Lead (Pb)

Plumbum

Antimony (Sb)

Stibium

Tin (Sn)

Stannum

Tungsten (W)

Wolfran

Nitrogen

the most abundant element in the atmosphere

Hydrogen

the most abundant element in the universe

Oxygen

the most abundant element in the Earth