HOSA Disease Prevention

What are some factors that contribute to an animal’s resistance to disease? (2)

Immunity, Diet

True or False: A healthy living being is immune to all diseases

False, a healthy living being is immune to MOST diseases

The ____ and ______ _________ serve to prevent _________ from invading

Skin, Mucous membranes, Pathogens

What does the normal bacterial fallout play a role in?

Plays a role in preserving an animal’s health

Some ________ secrete substances that _______ other organisms’ _______

Bacteria, Inhibit, Growth

What do pathogens have to fight for? Why?

Sites of adhesion Before an infection may begin the pathogen must bind to the animal’s cells

True or False:It is an obvious conclusion that retaining the usual bacterial diversity helps preserve an animal’s health

True

What are the normal bacteria influenced by? (4)

Stress Nutrition Medications Other conditions

Human beings _____ stress producing factors. Give an example

Think. A pending major exam

True or False:Stress in animals involves critical thought

False, stress in animals DOESN’T involve critical thought

Stress in any aspect is considered to be a ______ by the animal

Hazard

An animal under ______ releases greater ___________ and ________ levels. Additionally, _______ increases the ___________ _______ ______‘_ function

Stress Epinephrine Cortisol Stress Sympathetic Nervous System

True or False:A wide variety of factors can add to stress

True

State some examples of factors that can add to stress (6)

Overcrowding Fodder competition Weather extremes Rough handling Noise Transportation

_____________ conditions also have significant ______ hazard impacts

Environmental Health

State environmental conditions that can all increase an animal’s stress and demand (3)

Wet conditions Accumulation of manure on the hair coat Poor air quality (dust, smoke, and ammonia)

Mixing animals from multiple _______ often adds to the ______ as the animals establish their ______ in _______

Sources Stress Status Society

Many _______ designed to assist an animal may also lead to ______. _______________ and _______ both put ______ on the animal

Stimuli Stress Hospitalization Surgery Stress

What does cortisol do? (3)

Helps boost the digestion of carbohydrates Transfers glucose to the brain Often minimizes inflammation of damaged tissue

The elevated cortisol as a side effect suppresses the ______ ______, increases the risk of ________ and weakens _______ ______

Immune system Diabetes Muscle tissue

For hyperadrenocorticism (_______‘_ _______) where cortisol levels remain excessively ________, symptoms are quite clear

Cushing’s disease Elevated

What may nutritional issues also be called? What effect may they have?

Tension, may have a direct effect on immune response diminishment

Some vitamins and minerals (such as _______ _ and ________) are crucial to keeping the ______ _______ healthy

Vitamin E Selenium Immune System

Antioxidants are:

Oxidation

True or False: All of the antioxidants play a part in the immune system of the animal

True

True or False: No dietary changes are also a major stressor in livestock

False, SUDDEN dietary changes are also a major stressor in livestock

The decline in normal _ in the _ is a major effect of _ changes. This greatly ___ the risk of invasion by _ and consequent _

Bacterial flora Intestinal tract Dietary Increases Pathogen Disease

What medicine poses the same threat to the animal's defense system? Explain

Antibiotics, cause a decline in normal flora when treating a bacterial infection

When are antibiotics high risk in causing decline in normal flora?

Particularly high risk if the pathogen is resistant to this antibiotic

Some factors that increase the _ of the animal also contribute to increased _ _

Stress Pathogen exposure

What does overcrowding increase?

Interaction between livestock Competition for feed Competition for comfort

True or False:Overcrowding increases competition for feed and comfort, which tends to spread contagious diseases

True

True or False: The high density of animals often decreases pollution of fecal and urine in the area

False; Usually, the high density of animals often INCREASES pollution of fecal and urine in the area

_ which are physically spread through the ___ have ____ travelling distance when contacting another ___ individual

Pathogens Air Less Susceptible

What does ventilation describe?

Describes the exchange of air from inside to outside a building

As the animals _, _,_, and possible ___ are introduced to the ___

Exhale Humidity Heat Contaminants Air

What are also released from a building's urine and feces? (2)

Ammonia Hydrogen sulphide

What can excess ammonia and hydrogen sulphide result in?

excess of these toxic gases can cause mucous membrane irritation and lower respiratory defense

True or False:Most species need a certain degree of moisture to live

True

What can help carry pathogens and damage the respiratory tract's protective capacity?

Even particles of airborne dust produced by animal movement in a barn

To help prevent _, it is necessary to bring _ air from _ into the house, and remove the _ air

Disease Fresh Outside Stale

What does bringing in fresh air and removing stale air from inside a house help with?

Helps to reduce the air's load of moisture, heat, ammonia and pathogen

Many buildings rely on ____ to effectively push the ___

Fans Air

Ventilation of what has become very common? How is this done?

Tunnels Fans are placed at one end of the barn in tunnel ventilation, and all of the air inlets are on the opposite end

The ___ is brought into the ____ over a wide area with the ____ running and an even flow of air is swept over the _

Air Barn Fans Animals

In ____ weather, enough ___ is exchanged to produce a _ to _mile breeze per hour

Warm, air, 3-5

True or False:More air can be transported in warm weather

False, more air can be transported during COLD weather

Adequate ____ ____ must be preserved to stop freezing inside the ____

Body heat, Barn

Even in the coldest weather, how many air traffic exchanges should there be every hour?

4

The air should be the _ of ____ times the amount of air in the _

Expended Equivalent, Four, House

True or False: There are places in many barns that don't completely swap air

True

The areas that don't completely ____ air in barns can be regions where there is a _ __ of _ for_ animals

Swap Greater risk Disease Conjoined

How many air exchanges per hour may be required in the heat of summer to maintain the right conditions?

Up to 30 air exchanges an hour may be required in the heat of the summer to maintain the right conditions

How does good ventilation help protect the animal? (2)

Maintains acceptable levels of temperature and humidity in the barn Minimizes distracting gas accumulation and reduces dust levels

Properly designed ventilation also minimizes the and __ for dead air

Vacuum Draughts

What is significant emphasis placed on with new construction?

Ventilation design

True or False:It is less difficult to change current barns to provide sufficient airflow

False, it can be MORE difficult to change current barns to provide sufficient airflow

Older animals generally have a _ immunity level than very young ones

Higher

In the course of the years they were exposed to more _ and _

Diseases Vaccinations

True or False:Older animals are more likely to be carriers of pathogens

True

How must animal facilities be designed in terms of air flow?

It is important for the airborne to move from the youngest to the oldest when designing animal facilities

When air flow is designed properly, this does not expose the animals to the _ that could be from the _ animals

Young Contaminants Adult

Should young animals be able to mingle with adult animals?

No, it is important that young animals do not mingle with adults

It is very beneficial to have different ___ zones

Containment

In addition to releasing ammonia into the environment, what does urine and feces also introduce?

Pathogens

What is crucial in reducing pathogen load in terms of urine and feces?

Proper hygiene and clean, dry bedding

In the steps of reducing pathogen load, what does this also help with? (2)

Helps to reduce the amount of species in the world, physically. Helps keep the animal's hair clean and dry

In cold weather, ____ has a very important role to play in __ the animal and conserving ____ ____

Hair Insulating Body heat

When do animals lose higher levels of heat?

When the hair coat becomes damp and matted with feces

What increases the risk of developing skin disorders?

Prolonged exposure to sweat, semen, and feces

Define: Wet rabbit dewlap

An infection in the lower neck skin

A part of preventing disease is to increase the _ with ___ of the animal

Immunity Vaccination

True or False:A vaccination program's objectives vary according to the type of animal and the disease

True

Do vaccines provide complete protection against disease? Explain

No, most vaccines don't provide complete protection against disease. Overwhelmed by exposure to a pathogen, properly vaccinated animals can still get sick

What do vaccination programs need to be established with?

Vaccination programs need to be established with specific goals in mind

Successful vaccination requires that an _ _ be given to an animal that can respond ____. Furthermore, the _ must be administered long enough to allow _ to develop before _

Effective vaccine Well Vaccine Immunity Exposure

What is one important factor in considering which vaccines are to be included in the vaccination program?

The risk of getting an infection

What considerations must be evaluated before vaccinations? (4)

Geographical location of this species Animal's age, sex, and functional intent

Many diseases may only be common in _ animals, and some infections are associated with _ problems requiring vaccination of _

Young Reproductive Females

True or False: The severity of the disease also needs to be assessed in terms of its medical and economic impact

True

A very ____ disease doesn't usually require __ __

Mild Vaccination

What may a disease be like in food-producing animals? What could still happen in food

If it attacks a large percentage of animals, it may still be a very expensive disease due to production loss

True or False:The efficacy of vaccines doesn't vary in preventing disease

False, the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease varies greatly

List what vaccines provide (3)

Some only provide a short Others may marginally decrease the incidence Or they may decrease the severity of the disease

The _ of the vaccine has to be assessed against the ____

Success Cost

Can an expensive vaccine that has had limited success be used?

No, the success has to be assessed against the cost

What is another factor considered in setting up a vaccination program? State an example

The vaccine may have adverse effects (such as suppressed milk production in dairy cattle)

Vaccination programs are developed in _ with the goal of preventing the in each _ vaccinated

Companion animals Disease Animal

What brings intense importance to pets, the individual animal? State what is done to support this

The emotional attachment. Vaccines are administered in young animals at frequent intervals with the goal of developing immunity as maternal antibodies decline

True or False: Not every case of disease can be avoided by even the most comprehensive program

True

Experts in organizations such as (1) and (2) have developed _ to help ___ make decisions regarding ___

1: American Animal Hospital Association 2: American Feline Practitioners Association, Guidelines, Practitioners, Vaccination

Some _ are deemed so important that it is recommended that they be included in all ___ programs. State an example for dogs (4). State an example for cats (4).

Organisms, Vaccination. All dogs with distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, and rabies. Considered central in cats are the panleukopenia vaccines, herpes virus, calicivirus, and rabies

What do vaccination programs help to establish within the farm environment? How?

Herd immunity. In an attempt to prevent a herd pandemic, these vaccine programs are designed to reduce the number of susceptible animals

Ideally, _ animal gained complete ___. Nevertheless, _ disease can develop quite likely for one. If ____ is established, the disease will not spread over the rest of the

Every, Immunity, Clinical, Herd Immunity, Animals

What will happen if illness happens in a vaccinated animal?

The incidence may be much lower, and the recovery may be much quicker compared to an unvaccinated animal

When is herd immunity maximized?

Maximized when all the animals at risk are vaccinated

_ of vaccines is also important to a program's success. Vaccinations need to be given enough to be able to mount an _ response before the _ is revealed

Timing, Early, Immune Disease

Would it be protective to vaccinate a dog for kennel cough after it has entered a kennel? Give an example of a similar situation

No, it would not be. Vaccinating cattle in the midst of a pneumonia epidemic of cattle

True or False:Vaccines may also be engineered to optimize safety at specific times of the year

True, or during the production cycle

In some _, when the cattle are housed, _ may be more likely in the _, rather than in _on an open _

Systems, Pneumonia, Winter, Grazing, Field