SCH3U McGraw-Hill Course Flashcards

Flashcards covering equations, rules, and units from the SCH3U McGraw-Hill course.

Rules for significant digits?

Nonzero digits = significant; Zeros between = significant; Leading zeros = not sig; Trailing zeros = sig only if decimal is present

Convert 30 L to mL?

30 L × 1,000 mL/L = 30,000 mL (King Henry mnemonic)

Standard atomic notation?

Mass number/atomic number symbol (e.g., ¹⁴₇N)

Calculate average atomic mass?

Σ (isotope mass × % abundance ÷ 100)

Periodic Trends?

Atomic radius ↓ across, ↑ down; Ionization energy & electronegativity ↑ across, ↓ down

Polar vs non-polar covalent?

Polar if ΔEN > 0.5 and molecule asymmetrical

Name 5 VSEPR shapes?

Linear–180°, Trigonal planar–120°, Tetrahedral–109.5°, Trigonal pyramidal–~107°, Bent–<120°

Ionic compound general naming format?

Cation + Anion(-ide); Use Roman numerals for multivalent metals

Covalent compounds naming?

Greek prefixes + element name, second ends in -ide

Acid naming?

Binary: hydro + root + -ic + acid; Oxyacids: -ate → -ic, -ite → -ous

Oxyanion naming rules?

-ate = more oxygens; -ite = fewer; per- = extra; hypo- = missing

Polyatomic ions to memorize?

NO₃⁻ , NO₂⁻ , SO₄²⁻ , SO₃²⁻ , CO₃²⁻ , PO₄³⁻ , OH⁻ , NH₄⁺

Hydrate naming?

Salt + prefix + hydrate (e.g., copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate)

Reaction types?

Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement, Combustion

Net ionic equation?

Full ionic equation – spectator ions = net ionic

Mole relationships?

n = m ÷ M (mass to moles); n = N ÷ 6.02×10²³ (particles); n = V ÷ 22.4 L (gases @ STP); PV = nRT (gas law)

Molar mass equation?

M = total mass of atoms in formula (g/mol)

Stoichiometry process?

1) Balance equation 2) Known → moles 3) Mole ratio 4) Moles → desired unit

Calculate limiting reagent?

Compare possible product amounts; smallest wins

Percent yield formula?

(Actual ÷ Theoretical) × 100%

Concentration formula?

C = n ÷ V (mol/L)

Dilution formula?

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Mass from molarity?

m = C × V × M

Neutralization reaction formula?

n₁C₁V₁ = n₂C₂V₂ (use mole ratios)

Arrhenius definitions?

Acid = H⁺ producer; Base = OH⁻ producer

Gas law equations?

Boyle’s: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂; Charles’s: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂; Gay-Lussac’s: P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂; Combined: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂; Ideal: PV = nRT (R = 8.31 kPa·L/mol·K)

Unit conversions?

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg/torr

Percent composition?

%Element = (mass of element ÷ molar mass) × 100

Empirical formula steps?

1) Assume 100 g 2) g → moles 3) Divide by smallest 4) Use whole number ratio

Molecular formula from empirical?

Molar mass ÷ empirical mass = multiplier → multiply formula

HOFBrINCl

Mnemonic for diatomic elements

King Henry…Chocolate Milk

Metric prefix conversions

Nick the Camel Ate Clams for Supper in Phoenix

Oxyanion naming (nitrate, carbonate, etc.)

NH₄⁺ → NH₃ + H⁺

In acid-base contexts

One-step unit conversions (mL↔L, g↔kg)

Always check units