CH. 17 - Lymphatic & Immune System

the lymphatic and __ system work hand-in-hand to protect the body

immune

a network of organs and vessels that extend throughout the body

lymphatic system

the __ system basically consists of a population of cells that defend the body against disease

immune

only recently have scientist discovered that the lymphatic system extends to the __

brain

maintenance of fluid balance, ___, and immunity are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system

absorption of fats

the capillaries reabsorb about __% of the fluid, leaving a small percentage behind

85

lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter __ to remove cellular waste, microorganisms, and foreign particles.

lymph

lymph may contain __ after draining the small intestines

lipids

lymph may contain __ after leaving the lymph nodes

lymphocytes

lymph may contain lipids, lymphocytes, hormones, bacteria, viruses, and __

cellular debris

a clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content

lymph

another name for lymphatic vessels

lymphatic capillaries

lymphatic vessels have thin walls and valves to prevent __

backflow

lymphatic vessels walls are formed by a thin layer of __ cells

epithelial

unlike the cells in veins, the cells forming lymphatic vessels walls overlap loosely, allowing__ to exist between the cells

gaps

lymph moves steadily away from the tissues and towards the __

heart

lymph is the fluid left behind after __

capillary exchange

where immune cells phagocytize bacteria and other harmful substances

lymph nodes

the lymphatic system has no __. instead, the fluid moves slowly and passively, aided primarily by the rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic vessels themselves.

pump

in the brain, the body's lymphatic systems is lying along the brains surface, buried within the __, and empty into deep cervical lymph nodes

dura mater

the 2 collecting ducts are the right lymphatic duct and the __ duct

thoracic

the __ originates at a dilated portion of a lymphatic vessel in the abdomen called the cistern chyli, drains lymph from the body into the left subclavian vein

thoracic duct

these 2 lymphocytes protect the body against foreign invader

T and B

__ phagocytize pathogens and foreign matter

macrophages

__ engulf foreign substances and help activate T cells

dendritic cells

T &B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are all housed in lymphatic __

tissue

the largest collection of __ include the tonsils, Peyers patches, and the appendix

MALT

pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual are all sets of __

tonsils

the tonsils, which are not fully encapsulated, are covered with epithelium that has deep pits called __

tonsillar crypts

where are Peyers patches located

small intestines

the __ is located in the RLQ

appendix

a narrow pouch that protects off the lower end of the large intestines, the __ is densely populated with lymphocytes

appendix

the appendix may serve as a __ for beneficial gut bacteria

reservoir

the __ is a crucial organ in the immune system, producing essential immune cells called T cells

thymus

located in the __, the thymus also produces a hormone called thymosin that promotes the development of lymphocytes

mediastinum

the __ enlarges throughout childhood and slowly shrinks form the onset of puberty

thymus

regression of the thymus may explain why elderly are more susceptible to __

infection

inside the thymus, the cells are protected from __ in the blood, giving them a chance to divide and mature

antigens

lymph nodes remove __ and other foreign materials

pathogens

besides cleansing lymph, lymph nodes also serve as sites for final __ of some types of lymphocytes and monocytes

maturation

lymph nodes are widespread but occur in __ in certain areas

clusters

cervical, axillary, and inguinal are all types of __

lymph nodes

lymph nodes remove __% of the impurities in lymph before it returns the fluid to the bloodstream

99

__ lymph nodes are located behind the ear, may enlarge as a result of infections of the head, neck, sinuses, ears, scalp, or pharynx

postauricular

__ lymph nodes reside where the back of the neck meets the head -- may enlarge as a result of a localized infection of the scalp or head

suboccipital

enlarged __ lymph nodes, located in front of the ear, may signal an infection of the scalp or external auditory canal

preauricular

enlarged __ lymph nodes suggest an infection the head, neck, sinus, ears, eyes, scalp, or pharynx

submandibular

__ lymph nodes may enlarge as a result of an infection, cat-scratch disease, lymphoma, or breast cancer

axillary

swollen __ lymph nodes may occur from infection of the leg or foot, an STD, or lymphoma

inguinal

cancer often spreads or __ through the lymphatic system

metastasizes

enlargement of one or more lymph nodes is called __

lymphadenopathy

when lymph accumulates in surrounding tissue it produces swelling called __

lymphedema

the __ is located in the LUQ

spleen

the spleen contains how many types of tissues

2

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ

spleen

the two types of tissues in the spleen are __ and __ pulp

red and white

__ pulp contains compact masses of lymphocytes, surround the arteries leading into each compartment

white

__ pulp exists along the edges of the compartments

red

blood collects in the venous sinuses after passing through the __ fibers

reticular

immunity, destruction of old RBCs, blood storage, hematopoiesis are all functions of what

spleen

the spleen stores __% - __% of the body's platelets

20-30

because it is highly vascular, a severe injury or rupture of the spleen can produce a fatal __

hemorrhage

a thin layer of acid produced by sweat

acid mantle

skin and mucous membranes are the __ line of defense

first

nonspecific immunity aka innate immunity is the __ line of defense

second

specific immunity aka adaptive immunity, is the __ line of defense

third

__ immunity is immunity you're born with

nonspecific

mucus, tears, and saliva also contain an enzyme called __

lysozyme

Step 1 of Phagocytosis: __ are cells whose sole job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles

phagocytes

Step 2 of Phagocytosis: when a phagocyte encounters a microorganism, it sends out membrane projections called __ (or "false feet")

pseudopods

Step 3 of Phagocytosis: the pseudopods envelop the organism, forming a complete sac called a __

phagosome

Step 4 of Phagocytosis: the phagosome travels to the interior of the cell and fuses with a lysosome, which contains __ enzymes

digestive

Step 5 of Phagocytosis: the digestive enzymes from the lysosome __ the microorganism

destroy

Step 6 of Phagocytosis: the __ products are then released from the cell back into the lymph

waste

the most important phagocytes are __ and __

macrophages and neutrophils

the name __ actually means "large eater".

macrophage

__ roam the body, seeking out bacteria

neutrophils

neutrophils travel to sites of infection after being summoned by a chemical released from inflamed cells called

chemotaxis

two types of proteins help provide nonspecific resistance against bacterial and viral invasions: __ and the complement system

interferons

complement kills __

bacteria

interferons kill__

viruses

__ also aids the immune system by coating pathogens, making them attractive to phagocytes, and stimulating inflammation.

complement

a group of complement proteins is called

membrane attack complex

Unique group of lymphocytes that continually roam the body seeking out pathogens or diseased cells

natural killer NK cells

which cells recognize and destroy any foreign cells, including cancer cells, virus-infected cells, and bacteria -- as well as the cells of transplanted organs and tissue

NK cells

if you have an organ transplant, you'll get __ medication

antirejection

swelling, redness, heat, and pain are all signs of __

inflammation

injured cells secrete __, that dilate blood vessels in the area

histamine

blood rushes in called

hyperemia

__ that leaks into the area forms a sticky clot that walls off the infected area, helping to keep the infection from spreading

fibrinogen

aka __, fever is an abnormal elevation of body temp

pyrexia

a person with a fever is said to be __

febrile

as neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria, they secrete a fever-producing substance called __

pyrogen

the pyrogen stimulates the anterior __ to secrete prostaglandin E (PGE)

hypothalamus

drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen, often given to reduce fever, act by inhibiting the synthesis of __

PGE

temps greater that __ degrees F can cause convulsions/seizures

105

__ immunity (cell-mediated) aims to destroy foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen

cellular

__ immunity (antibody-mediated) focuses on pathogens outside the host cells, sends out antibodies to "mark" a pathogen for later destruction.

humoral

The body routinely makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen this is called

active immunity

its also possible to achieve immunity after receiving antibodies from another organism, this is called

passive immunity