Biology Lab Midterm

Hypotonic

Lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes; Water enters the cells → cells swell

Hypertonic

Higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes; Water exits the cells → cells shrink

Isotonic

Equal effective concentration of non-penetrating solutes; No net water movement → cell volume stays the same

Magnification for Pictures

40x

Total Magnification

(Magnification) x 10x

Independent Variable

variable that is manipulated for the experiment

Dependent Variable

variable that is measured in the experiment

Function of Chloroplasts in plants

Photosynthesis; captures light to make sugars

Cytoplasmic Streaming

circulates chloroplasts, distributing them evenly for max light capture

Tonicity

Solute concentration 

Water oak leaves (Sunny)

Smaller, thicker

Water oak leaves (Shady)

Larger, thinner

Qualitative Information

Descriptive (color, shape)

Quantitative Measurement

Measurable numbers (length, mass) Needed for Statistics

Standard Deviation

Spread of data around the mean; Shows variability

When to use Column graph?

if independent variable is categorical that are not related

When to use Histogram?

examining the distribution of individual measurements within one sample

When to use Scatter plot?

if independent variable is continuous or numerical

When to use Line graph?

if you gather repeated measurements from each replicate

Serological Pipette

mL range (1-25 mL); used to accurately measure and transfer liquid volumes

Micropipette

µL range (0.1-1000 µL); used to accurately measure and transfer very small liquid volumes

Test Tubes

Holds small to medium volumes of liquid forming, heating, or reactions

Centrifuge

Holds larger volume; designed for storage and mixing

Microcentrifuge Tube

Holds very small volumes; used for precise liquid handling at small scales

Beaker

larger container for holding, mixing, and heating liquids

Spectrophotometer

used to measure how much radiant energy is absorbed by a substance in solution at a specific wavelength of light

Wavelength

specific color/energy

Absorbance

how much light is absorbed at a wavelength

lambda max (lmax)

a wavelength a substance absorbs light the highest

Absorption spectrum

graph that shows how much light a substance absorbs at a different wavelengths