Unit 5 Part 2

intelligence

the ability to 1. aquire knowlege 2. learn from experience 3. use reasoning to adapt different enviornments

aptitude vs. achievement tests

amplitude: access specific types of mental abilities; measures ability to learn. EX: ACT / SAT

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achievment measure a person’s mastery and knowledge (info already learned) EX: AP Psych test

Standardization

uniform procedues used in administration and scoring of a test

norms

provide meaning to scores; provide info about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test

percentile

indicates the percentage of people in the testing population who score at or below the score obtaines

reliability

consistency of scores (Can u recipicate results?)

test- retest ability

measuring the stability / corelation of a test over time. simply same test to same person at a different time (or giving same test to 2 diff groups)

alternate form reliability

using ‘parallel’ measurements and comparing thier correlations. simply, different test (Assuming same content/difficulty) to same person

split half reliability

measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally (correlate) to what is being measured. more simply, looking within 1st test given at 1 time

inter-rater reliability

the degree to which (correlation) different raters give consistent measurements

validity

does the measurement tool asses what it is deisgned for?

content validity

does the measurement tool fully asses all **components** of the behavior /topic/theory being studied

criterion-related validity

does a specific component of the measurement tool truly asses the behavior / topic / theory being studied

construct validity

does the measurement tool accurately asses the **theory** being tested

predictive validity

does the measurement tool accuratly predict **future** outcomes

galton

first to study mental ability, believed it was heredirary

binet

created first test (in france) to study special education services for students. the test was designed to compare “mental age” with “chronilogical age”

terman and stanford binet

Terman brought the test to the US. Introduced IQ score

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (terman)

formula?

MA - mental ability

CA - Child age

Weschler

* WISC vs WAIS
* Verbal vs. Performance scales

**Weschler’s innovations:**

* less cultural bias
* brokem down into subtests

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**WISC -** Weschler Adult Intell Scale

**WAIS** - Weschler Intell Scale for Children

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**Verbal vs Performance -**

Verbal: vocabulary, arithmetic reasoning, similarities, general info, memory

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Performance: Picture arrangement/completion, digit substitution,object assembly

Normal distribution and IQ Scores

Normal distribution is having the same mean, mode, and median.

factor analysis

statistical technique used to identify clusters of related info

g- factor and s-factor (spearman)

* g-factor:

general intelligence (problem solving, reasoning, etc)
* s-factor:
* specific info and skills needed for particular tasks

Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence (Cattell)

fluid intelligence- reasoning and probelm solving, memory, info-processing speed

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crystallized intelligence- accumalated knowledge

thurnstone and 7 primary mental abilities

there are 7 relatively independent primary mental abilities

intelligence testing:

* how reliable is intelligence testing over a lifetime?
* is intelligence testing valid?
* how do crystallized and fluid intelligence change over a lifetime
* are IQ Tests widely used in other cultures?

* __***how reliable is intelligence testing over a lifetime?***__
* reliable after 7 years old

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* __***is intelligence testing valid?***__
* assuming the analytical definition of review… yes

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* __***how do crystallized and fluid intelligence change over a lifetime***__
* crystallized intelligence continues to increase as we age; fluid intel begins to decline in middle late adult hood

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* __***are IQ Tests widely used in other cultures?***__
* used most in western cultures; more often seen in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures
* all about what is valued

intellectual disability

IQ < 70 ; Deficincy in adaptive skills (a.k.a cognitively impaired “ neuro diversity “

metacognition

awareness and understanding of ones own though process. individuals with intellectual disabilities are deficient in meta cognition

learning disabilities

Measured intell ≠ achedemic performance (intell usually average to above average)

giftedness

IQ > 130

Twin studies and adoption studies:

what do twin studies and adoption studies say about intelligence?

identical twins have highest correlation (genetics play a large role)

heritability ratio

porportion determined by heriditary (nature)

enviornmental deprivation and encrichment

affects intelligence as nurture definitly plays a role; especially early on

flynn effect

IQ Scores have been rising steadily over time

reaction range

genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits)(hereditary sets limits/ranges, while enviornment determines where in the range

stereotype threat

when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of stereotyped group

Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

→ analytic intelligence:

→ practical intelligence:

→ creative intelligence:

**→ analytic intelligence:**

abstract reasoning, logic, problem solving

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**→ practical intelligence:**

“street smarts” ; deal with everyday problems (at home, at work, with friendships) the ability to adapt, stratergize etc.

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**→ creative intelligence:**

novel solutions and ideas

convergent thinking

when you attempt to narrow down a list of alternatives to find a single, correct answer to a problem

divergent thinking

when you attempt to expand the range of possible alternatives by generating many possible solutions

creativity

generation of ideas that are original and useful

what are the necessary componenets of creativity?

necessary components:

→ expertise

→ persistance

→willingness to take risks

→divergent thinking

→intristic motivation

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naturalistic

loves animals, plants, and nature, and understands natural world.

ex: BIOLOGIST, CONSERVATONIST

Linguistic

excels in words, languages, poetry

EX: Poets, Writers

visual/spatial

excels in shapes, designs, graphics, and visualization

ex: DESIGNER, ENGINEER

Kinaesthetic

excels in performing sports, physical activities, and body movements.

EX: ACTORS, ATHLETES

logical

excels in Math and logical thinking

EX: Bankers, Accounts

Intrapersonal

ability to understand one’s inner feelings and have self realization and to know about one self

EX: PHILOSOPHER ,CLERGY

Interpersonal

ability to organize people, group actvitites and social relationship

EX: LEADERS, SOCIAL WORKERS

Musical

excels in performing and composing musical pieces

EX: SINGER, MUSICAL, COMPOSER