Psych Exam 1

What were some of the things that women could not do before the 1970s?

1977 - workplace sexual harassment recognized

1972 - run in Boston marathon

1993 - marital rape criminalized

1973 - roe v wade

How has the term sex been defined in the past? How does Eagly define it?

Biological aspects of male versus female

Eagly - describe different categories of people (M, F, and Intersex)

How has the term gender been defined in the past? How does the textbook use the term?

Denote social differences between M and F

A broad set of traits commonly associated with maleness or femaleness

Define Gender identity

How someone identifies themselves

Define Gender correspondence

Does your sex and gender match

Define Gender expression

how they express their gender on the outside

Define gender roles

socially accepted gender-related behavior

Define gender traits

masculine, feminine, agender, androgynes

define gender stereotypes

what attributes do men and women have and putting them in a box based on those, expectations of what men and women should do

sexual orientation

who you are attracted to

What are sex and gender binaries? What is the problem with this approach?

social systems typically categorize sex and gender as two opposite, non-overlapping categories

this is not the truth

gender non binary

may flucuate between M and F, expresses bothn simultaneously, or neither.

define intersexuality

biological components of sex that do not consistently fit the typical male or female pattern

define androgyny

high levels of masculine and feminine traits

define gender fluid

a person does not have a fixed gender identity.

define cisgender

sex assigned at birth matches gender identity

define transgender

sex assigned at birth does not match gender identity

define agender

have no gender

define genderqueer

umbrella term for gender

What is the Multifactorial theory of gender identity?

wide variety of attributes shapes gender (roles, traits, interests)

knowing how a person identifies does not predict their personality and attributes

Does how someone rate themselves on one trait/characteristic have to match up with how they feel on other characteristics?

no

What is intersectionality?

ways in which different forms of discrimination and oppression interact to shape peoples experiences

people with multiple marginalized identities

Why is it important to understand how the experience of those who face multiple oppressions might be different than those who face only one oppression?

The life of a gay white man versus a gay black man is very different, there may be prejudice in the gay community about black people, causing the gay black man to not find connection and just be isolated. As well as the black community, they may not support the gay community so even though he is black, he may not be fully supported there either

What is privilege? Give examples

automatic, unearned advantages

men gain more leadership roles in society and control how it operates

white individuals don’t have to worry about everyday micro-aggressions or hate crimes like people of color do

Straight individuals don’t have to worry about being outed

Define matriarchal and patriarchal. Are there any matriarchal societies?

Patriarchal - men occupy leadership roles and control society outcomes

Matriarchal - women occupy leadership roles and control society outcomes

No matriarchal societies exist

What is the difference between equality and equity?

equality - treating everyone the same regardless of differences

equity - treating everyone fairly by taking difference into account

Describe the emphasis of first wave, second wave, and third wave feminists

first wave - 1800 to 1900, women deserve legal rights, voting rights

second wave - 1960s-1980s, women deserve equal rights, access to education, workplace, politics

third wave - 1990s-present, more intersectionality and global perspective

define Liberal feminism

men and women have equal characteristics so they should be treated equal

remove barriers for women

define radical feminism

dismantle the patriarchy

rid society of gender roles and oppression of women

define socialist feminism/socialism

women are at a disadvantage due to gender division of labor and value put on men’s work

want economic independence for women

define womanism

recognizes that race, gender, and class intersect

define cultural/difference feminism

there are fundamental differences between men and women, yet female qualities should be valued just as much as male qualities

define Transnational feminism

alleviate discrimination around the world, focuses on poverty, health, gender violence, and educational access

The national organization for men against sexism (NOMAS)

A pro-feminist organization that focuses on enhancing the lives of men by combating sexism, racism, and homophobia

The Promise Keepers

An evengelical christian group focused on mens spiritual help. They want men to fulfill the head of the household role and have a wife that is subordinate to them

When did the first state decriminalize homosexual sex between consenting adults?

1962- Illinois

Today, can people be fired for being gay?

It became illegal in 2020 but around 52% of gay individuals are at risk of losing their job

What percent of students in the U.S. can face discrimination because their parents are LGBT+?

around 86%

Minimalist (Similarity Model)

there are few important differences between sexes (graphs overlapping)

Maximalist (Difference Model)

there are large, fundamental differences between differences (graphs side by side)

What did Basow & Rubenfeld (2003) conclude about the support men and women offer a
friend? When Macgeorge (2004) reanalyzed the data, did they come to the same conclusion? Why or
why not?
What can researchers learn from this?

Men and women have different communication styles—women prioritize interpersonal connection and men prioritize autonomy.

When reanalyzed, the data of sex differences were actually small and both similar

researchers should not just look at differences, similarities matter too

What are the steps in the scientific method

make an observation - generate a hypothesis - gather data to test the hypothesis - analyze data and interpret the results - develop a general theory

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

qualitative - peoples experience, interviews, focus groups, case studies

descriptive: “what exists” rather than “why it exists”, no IV, DV, or random assignment, experimental: IV is the cause, DV is the effects, random assignment

What is an experiment?

What is a benefit to using an experiment?

Why can it be difficult to conduct experiments in gender research?

gender cant be manipulated by the researcher, but can manipulate percived gender, gender task etc

Describe ex post facto research

compare groups of people who differ on some participant variable to see whether they differ on a

dependent variable.

Describe quasi experimental research

What is correlational research?

Questionnaires, Measure existing, continuous variables, E.g., Masculinity and aggression, No cause and effect

What does the correlation statistic tell researchers? Are there limitations to this?

Statistic that gives linear relationship for two variables

Why is it difficult to understand cause and effect in correlational research?

describe focus groups

facilitating a small group discussion with participants who share common characteristics or experiences that are relevant to the research topic.

describe ethnography

Become immersed in a particular situation

describe case study

Intensive study of one person or a small group of people

describe interviews

talking to someone about their experince

What is a meta analysis? What is a benefit of conducting meta analyses?

quanitative techique that analzes a large collection of results from many individual studies in order to interagate research findings

What is effect size? Why use it?

Quantifies the magnitude and direction of a difference between group or

strength of relationship between variables - helps show group variance and statistical significane

What are small, medium, and large effect sizes (the number values as well as the meaning)?

small: 0.11-0.35

medium: 0.36-0.65

large: 0.66-1.00

shows differences of sizes

What is the difference between within-group and between-group variability? How is this useful in understanding sex and gender differences?

between group variance is variatability between men and women

within group variance is variability in men

What is the difference between statistical and practical significance?

statistical - less than 5% chance that you found your results by chance alone

practical - significant in the real world

What is WEIRD research?

research with mostly Western, Educated, Industrilized, Rich, and Democratic participants

Why care about the WEIRD problem?

may effect results

Have researchers found that WEIRD participants are different than other participants?
explain

Describe what it means to have gender fair research? Be able to apply it to examples of research

gender fair research eliminates sex bias from sampling, always report demographic characteristics, use precise, non-gender-biased, nonevaluative terminology when describing research participants, not exaggerate the prevalence and magnitude of

sex differences

Define Genes

Basic unit of heredity, carry instructions for offspring characteristics

Define Gene by environment interaction. Give example.

When genetic effect on trait or behavior emerges only under certain environmental

circumstances or when the environmental effect on a trait or behavior depends on a

person’s genetic makeup

ex: getting boosted vs getting sleepy from caffiene

What are epigenetics? Give an example

biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain

genes get expressed

ex: a women who smokes while pregnant gives her daughter symptoms and then her daughter gives her own daughter symptoms

Can you look at someone’s external genitals and know a person’s sex? Explain your answer.

Can you look at someone’s chromosomes and determine their sex?

No

What are chromosomes?

Organized units of genes, 23 pairs, one from

mother and one from father

What are sex chromosomes?

Contains genes which code for sex

In terms of anatomy, how do fetuses begin? What typically happens to make a fetus have internal
and external sex-typical body parts? Check out the pdf showing how the external parts change as
part of your studying

What are the 8 variables that go into forming someone’s gender?

Chromosomal gender

Gonadal Gender

Prenatal hormonal gender

Prenatal and neonatal brain differentiation

Internal organs

External genital appearance

Pubertal hormonal gender

Assigned gender

Gender identity

What is optimal sex?

the binary sex thats percieved to be most advantageous to assign a newborn who has gender-atyypical genitalia at birth

What were John Money’s beliefs about what causes people to be male or female?

belived socialization caused gender identity - belived intersex were either girl or boy

What is gender dysphoria? What percent of children born with XY chromosomes that are raised
as girls develop male gender identity?

significant distress about mismatch between

sex assigned at birth and gender identity

22%

What is a Heritability estimate? Does this number tell us the % chance of any one particular individual having a trait?

Statistic gives the proportion of total population variance in a given trait that

is due to genetic differences among people in the population

How heritable is gender identity?

Genes explain ~20-48% population variance in masculine/feminine traits,

environmental contribution explain the rest.

What are Differences of Sex Development (DSDs)?

Describe Turner’s Syndrome

only has one X chomosome, gender identity is female, have underdeveloped ovaries and breast, outer genitals are female

What does intersexuality tell us about gender identity?

What are the recommendations of the Intersex Society of North America?

Explain the biosocial constructionist theory of sex differences?

describe Klinefelter Syndrome

have an extra chromosome, XXY, male gender identity, male at birth, enlarged breasts, small testicles, small hips, large waist, narrow shoulders, infertility

describe Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

chromosome XX or XY, genetic females may identity as male or female, abnormal adrenal gland production, internal female reproductive organs, but external male genitals

describe Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (as well as partial AIS)

chromosome XY but androgen receptors dont work right so the testosterone gets turned into estrogen - female gender identity

some have partial - atypical external genitalia and male or female gender identity