protein synthesis
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20 Terms
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Transcription
The process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA template.
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RNA polymerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transcription process by binding to the DNA template.
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Codon
A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.
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Anticodon
A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon in an mRNA.
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Degeneracy
The feature of the genetic code where multiple codons code for the same amino acid, reducing the impact of mutations.
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Universality
The principle that all organisms use the same codons and anticodons for the same amino acids.
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Translation
The synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA in the cytoplasm, translating the base sequence into an amino acid sequence.
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Post-transcriptional modification
The changes that mRNA undergoes after transcription, including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
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Alternative splicing
The process by which different combinations of exons are spliced together, allowing one gene to code for multiple proteins.
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Proteasome
A complex responsible for degrading and recycling misfolded or damaged proteins.
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5' to 3' directionality
The direction in which RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA and ribosomes translate mRNA.
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Peptide bond
The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
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Mutations
Changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to altered proteins and potentially result in diseases such as sickle cell anemia.
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Hydrogen bonding in transcription
The pairing of adenine (A) with uracil (U) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) to ensure accurate RNA synthesis.
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Ribosome
The molecular machine that facilitates the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
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mRNA
Messenger RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
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tRNA
Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA sequence.
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Promoter
A DNA sequence that is recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
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Template strand
The DNA strand that is used as a guide for RNA synthesis during transcription.
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Nucleus
The cellular structure that contains the genetic material and is the site of transcription in eukaryotic cells.
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