APUSH 3.8-3.12

Constitutional Convention

benjamin franklin the oldest delegate attempted to overcome the skepticism of other delegates about the document that they had created

Mount Vernon

reviews what problems could be done about the country’s inability to overcome critical problems, George Washington hosted a conference at his home in this place in Virginia. Representatives from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania agreed that the problems were serious enough to hold further discussions at a later meeting Annapolis, Maryland with all the states invited

Annapolis Convention

only five states sent delegates to this place in 1786 after discussing ways to improve commercial relations among the states

James Madison

he persuaded others that another convention should be held in Philadelphia for the purpose of revising the articles of confederation, Virginian Legislature, and nationalist who prompted the Virginia to call for the commercial conference to resolve the intense interstate trade disputes under the weak articles of confederation known as the Father of the Constitution, drafted the Virginia Plan,

Alexander Hamilton

Nationalist New Yor delegate who attended the poorly attended 1786 Annapolis Convention originally called just to regulate interstate commerce. Realizing that only 5 states sent representatives this person seized the opportunity to address the broader weakness of the Articles of Confederation. He also drafted the Annapolis Convention Resolution which was famously called upon Congress to summon all 13 states to a meeting in Philadelphia the following year to completely revise the federal government

Governeur Morris

Brilliant Pennsylvania delegate known as “Penman of the Constitution” who spoke more frequently than any other delegate at the Philly Convention. He was the head of the Committee of Style and was also responsible for the final polish, structure, and literary phrasing of the document was most famously know for authoring the Preamble. Ruled his own state but also wanted to strengthen the young nation.

John Dickinson

Veteran Delaware delegate most famously known for writing “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” also drafted the original Articles of Confederation who advocated for the interests of small states. He recognized that a national government was necessary, used his experience to champion stability and compromise helping to design the dual system legislature (The great compromise) and the Electoral College. Due to poor healthy he has to leave the convention early but he still authorized a colleague to sign his name to the final documents and fiercely defended it during the ratification under the pen name “Fabius”

Federalism

system with a strong but limited central government the nationalist quickly took control of the convention

Seperation of Powers

Madison and other delegates believed in this system that divided power among different branches of government wanted the new system to be based on checks and balances

Checks and Balances

The delegates wanted the new constitution to be based on a system in which the power of each branch would be limited by the power of others

Congress

Virginia and Pennsylvania should have proportionally more representatives in this than the smaller states such as New Jersey and Delaware

Virginia Plan

Madison’s proposal of this favored the larger states

New Jersey Plan

This was countered by this plan which favored the smaller states

Connecticut Plan or Great Compromise

The issue between the plans was solved by this one the man who resolved it was called Roger Sherman of Connecticut and proposed this plan. It would be provided for bicameral congress.

Senate

in this the states would have equal representation

House of Representatives

In this place each state would be represented according to the size of the population it pertained

Three-Fifths Compromise

delegates agreed to this , which counted each enslaved individual as 3/5ths of a person for the purposes of determining a states level of taxation and representation

Commercial Compromise

Allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but it prohibited placing taxed on any exports

Electoral College System

Instituted because the delegates feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule. Delegates debated what powers to give the president. Finally decided to grant the president a considerable power, including the power to veto acts of Congress

Federalists

supporters of the strong constitution and its strong federal government were known as this

Anti- Federalists

Opponents who feared that the new government would be to strong were known as this

The Federalist Papers

Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, this presented the cogent reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the constitution

Separation of Powers

The farmers also divided powers among the three main branches of government: Legislature, Judicial, and Executive, the constitution provided each branch of government ways to limit the power or at least influence the other two branches

Admendments

Congress acted quickly to approve this and to defend individual liberty

Bill of Rights

drafted originally by James Madison ten ratified by the states in 1791 are known as this and originally they protected against abuses by central or federal government

Henry Nox

Washington appointed four heads of departments and this man was in the department of secretary war

Thomas Jefferson

Washington appointed four heads of departments and this man was in the department of secretary of state

Edmund Randolf

Washington appointed four heads of departments and this man was in the department of being an attorney general

Cabinet

The four men appointed by Washington formed this and and they met regularly to discuss major policy issues

Supreme Court

only federal court mentioned in the constitution

Judiciary Act of 1789

this was one of congress’s first laws and it establishes supreme court with one chief justice and five associate justices. Highest court was empowered to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by the state courts. Act also provided system of 13 district courts and 13 circuit court of appeals

National Debt

pay this off at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of states

National Bank

create this for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. This program came chiefly from northern merchants, who would gain directly from high tariffs and stabilized currency

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Washington, however believed that the young nation was not strong enough to engage in a European war. Resisting popular clamor, in 1793 he issued a proclamation of U.S. neutrality in the conflict.

Citizen also known as Genet

objecting to washington’s policy, “Citizen” Edmund Genet, the French minister of the United States, broke all the rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people to support the French house

Jay Treaty

Washington sent this chief on a special mission to Britain to talk about two issues, this person brought back a treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts but included nothing about impressment. Narrowly ratified by the Senate, this unpopular thing angered the American supporters of France, but it did maintain Washington’s policy of neutrality, which kept the United States at peace

The Pinckney Treaty with Spain

very unexpected was the Jay Treaty had on Spain’s policy towards its territories in the Americas. Seeing the treaty as a sign that the United States might be drawing closer to Spain’s longtime Foe Britain, Spain decided to consolidate its holdings in North America. This was an agreement between the United States and Spain

Right of Deposit

This was granted to Americans so that they could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government

Battle of Fallen Timbers

British were supplying the American Indians with arms and encouraging them to attack the settlers, hearing this incensed the Americans. In 1794, the U.S. army led by General Anthony Wayne, defeated the Confederacy tribes at this place in northwestern Ohio.

Treaty of Greenville

The next year the chiefs of the defeated peoples agreed to this in which they surrendered claims to the Ohio Territory and promised to open it up to settlement

The Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Hamilton, in order to make up the revenue lost because tariffs were lower than he wanted, persuaded congress to pass excise taxes particularly on the sale of whiskey. protest in western Pennsylvania where frontier farmers fought back against a new federal tax on whiskey. President George Washington led an army to stop the protest. This proved that the new U.S. government had the power to enforce its laws

Public Land Act

Congress encouraged the rapid settlement of these lands by passing this in 1796, which established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at moderate prices. The adding of new states to the Union , as set forth in the Constitution went very smoothly.

Federalist Era

During the 1790’s this name was brought about because it was dominated largely by Federalist policies, political parties began to form around two leading figures, Hamilton and Jefferson

Federalist Party

this supported Hamilton and his financial program

Democratic Rebublican Party

in opposition this formed it supported Jefferson and tried to elect candidates in different states who opposed Hamilton’s program

Washington’s Farewell Address

Assisted by Alexander Hamilton, the retiring president wrote a speech known as this for publication in the newspapers in the late 1796. This message had enormous influence because of Washington’s prestige. The president spoke against policies and practiced that he considered unwise

Permanent alliances

In Washington’s Farewell Address it was said to not make these in foreign affairs

Two-Term Tradition

consequence of Washington’s decision to leave office after two terms was that later presidents followed his example. Presidents elected this such as Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Jackson, they would voluntarily retire even though the Constitution placed no limit on president’s tenure in office. This continued unbroken until the 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt won election to a third term

John Adams

vice president, was the Federalist candidate while former secretary of state Thomas Jefferson was the choice of the Democratic Republicans

The XYZ Affairs

Troubles abroad related to the French Revolution presented Adams with the first major challenge of his presidency. Americans were angered that French warships and privateers were seizing the U.S. merchant ships

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Anger against France strengthened Federalists in the congressional elections of 1798 enough to win a majority in both houses. The Federalists took advantage of their victory by enacting laws to restrict their political opponents, the Democratic- Republicans.

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolution

Democratic- Republicans argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated rights guaranteed by the 1st amendment of the constitution

Charles Wilson Peale

In Philly this man opened what is recognized as the first art gallery

Pierre- Charles L’Enfant

in the 1790’s this man developed the design for Washington, D.C.,

Gilbert Stuart

this man painted the nations leaders and the American Academy of Fine Arts held its first exhibition

Northwest Ordinance

this enacted under the Articles of Confederation provided a mechanism for migration settlement. It planned for the sale of government land an orderly adoption of western territory into new states, public education, and outlawed slavery in the territory

Battle of Fallen Timbers in the Early Republic Movement

Larger government force defeated the confederation at this place in what is today northwestern Ohio. The American Indian position was further weakened in this area as the British who had supported them gradually closed the trading forts that they had maintained there in the years immediately following the Revolution

Daniel Boone

legendary person who led the way across the Appalachian Mountains and established the early White Settlements in the old northwest

Eli Whitney

this man invented the cotton gin that turned the slow process of picking cotton out much quicker

Cotton Gin

This was a device that was used for separating cotton fiber from the seeds this turned a slow costly process into a quick and inexpensive one

Roger Sherman

onnecticut delegate to the Constitutional Convention who proposed the Great Compromise, creating a bicameral legislature balancing state population and equal representation. He also co-proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise and supported the Federalist position during the ratification process