EMS CH 6

topographic anatomy

superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

coronal plane

frontal plane

planes dividing the body into ant + post planes

frontal / coronal

sagittal plane

lateral plane

imaginary line where body is divided into R + L

sagittal / lateral plane

imaginary vertical line drawn fr middle of forehead through nose + umbilical (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal L + R halves

midsagittal plane

imaginary line splitting the body into top + bottom parts

transverse plane

fundamental units of the human body

cells

organs

groups of tissues that perform similar or interrelated jobs

functions of the skeletal system

• providing structural support to bear the body’s weight

• establishing a framework to attach soft tissues + internal organs

• protecting vital organs

skeletal system

framework of body made of bones + CT

• supports + protects internal organs + other body tissues

number of bones in the body

206

axial skeleton

skull, face bones, thoracic cage, vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

upper + lower extremities + points they connect w/

joint

where 2 bones meet

ligaments

help stabilize joints

cartilage

cushions the ends of articulating bones

tendons

attach bone to muscles

symphyses

type of joint that is very stable w/ limited ROM

fibrous joints betw cranial bones

fused to create solid immobile bony structures

joint capsule

how joints are held together

depending on the joint capsule thickness, movement is

permitted or restricted

• thin = easily moved

• thick = resists stretching and bending

articular cartilage

allows the ends of the bones to glide easily

synovial membrane

inner lining of the joint capsule

synovial fluid

allows bones to glide over eachother

ball + socket joints

joints that allow internal + external rotation + bending

hinge joints

joints that can bend + straighten, but can’t rotate

• restricts motion to one plane, flexion + extension

hip joints are

ball + socket

finger, elbow, knee joints are

hinge joints

cranium consists of __ bones

• frontal

• temporal

• parietal

• occipital

• ethmoid

• sphenoid

cranium

part of the skull that encloses the brain + is composed of 8 bones

frontal bones

bones of cranium that form forehead

temporal bones

lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

parietal bones

bones that lie between the temporal + occipital regions of the cranium

occipital bones

most posterior bone of the cranium

ethmoid bone

a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain

sphenoid bone

a bone in the skull that helps connect the neurocranium (portion of the skull that protects the brain + sensory organs) to the facial skeleton

how many facial bones do we have

14

maxillae

upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, nasal cavity, and palate + hold upper teeth

mandible

bone of the lower jaw

zygomas

bones of the cheek

orbit

eye socket made up of maxilla + zygoma

types of facial bones

• maxillae

• mandible

• zygoma

• nasal bones

• flexible cartilage

• orbit

framen magnum

serves as the passageway for the spinal cord to connect w/ the brain + descent into the spinal column

vertebral column

houses + protects the spinal cord

• formed by 33 vertebrae

cervical spine

C1-7

thoracic spine

between lumbar + cervical vertebrae

• T1-T12

lumbar spine

lower back / dorsal spine

• L1-5

sacrum

consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae

coccyx

last 3-4 vertebrae of the spine / tailbone

intervertebral disks

tough elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

thorax

contains heart, lungs, esophagus, + great vessels

• formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae + their 12 pairs of ribs

sternum anatomy

• manubrium

• sternal body

• xiphoid process

sternum

brestbone

manubrium

upper quarter of the sternum

xiphoid process

narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

pectoral girdle

clavicle + scapulae = shoulder girdle / pectoral girdle

pelvic girdle

coxae, sacrum, coccyx

coxae =

hip bone made up of

• ilium

• ischium

• pubis

skeletal system physiology

• giving the body shape

• providing protection of fragile organs

• allowing for movement

• storing calcium

• some bone marrow cells turn into RBC, WBC, and platelets

skeletal muscle

striated muscle

• attaches bones

• voluntarily contracted

smooth muscle

found within blood vessels + intestines

• involuntary muscle

cardiac muscle

generates its own electrical impulse

• involuntary muscle

musculoskeletal system functions

• movement + postural maintenance

• heat production

• protection of internal organs

respiratory system structures

• nose

• mouth

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• epiglottis

upper airway structures

1. pharynx

2. larynx

3. vocal chords

pharynx components

• nasopharynx

• oropharynx

• laryngopharynx

pharynx other name

throat

trachea

windpipe + main trunk for air passing ←→ lungs

epiglottis

valve that allows air to pass into trachea but prevents food + liquid fr entering

visceral pleura

covers the lung

parietal pleura

lines the inside of the chest cavity

chest wall expands. →

lung is pulled w/ it + made to expand

diaphragm

primary muscle of breathing

• both voluntary + involuntary muscle characteristics

muscles involved in breathing

• diaphragm

• neck

• intercostal

• abdominal

• pectoral

inhalation

• diaphragm + intercostal muscles contract

• chest cavity increases

• pressure in cavity falls + air rushes into lungs

negative pressure breathing

inhalation

exhalation

• diaphragm + intercostal muscles relax

• decreasing chest cavity

• air in lungs is compressed into smaller space, increasing pressure + pushing air out of the trachea

function of respiratory system

provide the body w/ O2 + eliminate CO2

ventilation

movement of air betw lungs + environment

respiration

inhaling + exhaling of air

• physiologic process that exchanges CO2 fr fresh air

respiration

process of delivering O2 to blood

• diffusion across capillaries

buildup of CO2 in blood causes pH lvl to __ in CSF

decrease

medulla oblongata stimulates the

phrenic nerve

phrenic nerve sends signals to the __ to increase its rate of contraction

diaphragm

increasing diaphragm activity results in

inc respiratory rate + tidal volume

as minute volume increases

more CO2 is exhaled

primary reason you breathe is to

lower your level of CO2

hypoxic drive

senses drops in O2 lvls in blood

• backup system for respiration

medulla oblongata controls

• rhythm of breathing

• initiates inspiration

• sets the base pattern for respirations

  • sends signals down the phrenic nerve → diaphragm

pons controls

respiration during emotional / physical stress

• changes depth of inspiration + expiration

tidal volume

amount of air moved in + out of lungs in one relaxed breath

amt of tidal volume in adults

500 mL

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation

• amt of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

amt of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation

average expiratory reserve volume

1,200 mL

residual volume

air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

dead space

any portion of the airway that contains air + can’t participate in gas exchange

• trachea + bronchi

minute volume

volume of air that moves in + out of the lungs per minute

• calculated by multiplying the tidal volume + respiratory rate = minute ventilation