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What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
It studies changes and consistencies in psychological functioning from conception to death.
What are the main components that influence an individual's development according to modern developmental psychology?
The interaction between genetics and the environment.
What are the four primary developmental stages outlined by Jan Amos Komensky?
(0-6 months) learning perceptual-motor skills; 2. (6-12 years) memory training and language learning; 3. (12-18 years) understanding cause-effect relationships; 4. (18-24 years) achieving maturity and identity.
Who proposed the psychoanalytic theory of personality development?
Sigmund Freud.
What does Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasize?
The role of social factors in the development of personality through a series of conflicts that must be resolved.
What is the definition of attachment according to Bowlby?
A reciprocal emotional bond between two persons that is crucial for the child's development.
What are the stages of attachment development as described by Bowlby?
Pre-attachment; 2. Attachment in making; 3. Clear-cut attachment; 4. Formation of reciprocal relationships.
What is the main idea of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Cognitive development occurs in stages and involves the innate biological growth of mental structures alongside environmental interactions.
What does the term 'temperament' refer to?
It refers to the relatively stable characteristics that determine a person's emotional responses and demeanor.
What are the key characteristics of social development during childhood?
It includes the establishment of social contacts, development of relationships, and understanding of social norms and interactions.
How does play contribute to a child's development?
Play promotes cognitive, language, perceptual-motor, emotional, and social development.
What are the three types of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth?
Secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambivalent attachment.
What is the significance of observation in developmental psychology?
It helps researchers describe and explain behavior in natural contexts.
What role does language play in a child's development according to Vygotsky?
Language serves as a primary tool for communication and cognitive development.
How do children's emotions evolve during early childhood?
Emotional responses become more complex; children learn to recognize and regulate their emotions in social contexts.
What is the developmental trajectory of self-awareness emotions in children?
Emotions like pride, guilt, and shame develop as children begin to understand their own actions in relation to social norms.
What is meant by the term 'critical period' in terms of attachment?
A specific time frame in early life when attachment relationships typically develop, impacting later emotional and relational competencies.
