Chapter 12

Three criteria for abnormal behavior (Examples):

Deviant: Behavior statistically uncommon or atypical (Ex: Hearing voices). Maladaptive: Interferes with effective functioning (Ex: Drinking so much you can't hold a job). Personally Distressful: Causes suffering to the individual (Ex: Intense, chronic worry).

Culture/context influence:

What is considered normal varies greatly across different cultures and situations.

Biological approach/medical model:

Caused by brain, genetic, or physical factors (e.g., chemical imbalance).

Psychological approach:

Caused by experiences, thoughts, emotions, and learning.

Sociocultural approach:

Caused by social contexts (e.g., poverty, cultural norms).

Biopsychosocial approach:

Caused by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

What is DSM-5?

The classification system for psychological disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD):

Deficits in social interaction/communication and restricted/repetitive behaviors.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Generalized anxiety disorder:

a mental health condition marked by persistent, excessive, and hard-to-control worry about everyday things (like health, work, or family) for at least six months

Panic disorder:

Recurrent, sudden, terrifying panic attacks.

Social anxiety disorder:

Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

Distressing obsessions (thoughts) and repetitive compulsions(behaviors).

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):

Symptoms (flashbacks, avoidance) following exposure to a trauma.

Major depressive disorder:

Persistent sadness, loss of pleasure (anhedonia), and other symptoms for at least two weeks.

Bipolar disorder:

Extreme mood swings between manic (high) and depressive (low) episodes.

Anorexia nervosa:

Extreme low weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.

Bulimia nervosa:

Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging).

Binge eating disorder:

Recurrent binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

Schizophrenia:

Severe thought disorders (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking).

Suicide? Factors?

Taking one's own life. Factors: Mental illness, stress/trauma, hopelessness, social isolation.

Stigma examples?

Calling someone "crazy" or assuming mental illness is a personal weakness.

Consequences of stigma?

Avoidance of treatment, discrimination, social isolation.

How to eliminate/reduce stigma?

Education, promoting contact/support, and using person-first language.