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“The great and chief end…of mens’s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government is the preservation of their property…“
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“To understand political power aright, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending on the will of any other man”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“But though this [state of nature] be a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of license; though man in that state have an uncontrollable liberty to dispose of his person or possessions, yet he has not liberty to destroy himself, or so much as any creature in his possession…The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone; and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, and possessions”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of nature for his rule”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“Though the earth and all inferior creature be common to all men, yet every man has a property in his own person; this nobody has any right to but himself. The labor of his body and the work of his hands we may say are properly his. Whatsoever, then, he removes out of the state that Nature has provided and left it in, he hath mixed his labor with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the product of, so much is his property”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“Nor was this appropriation of any parcel of land, by improving it, any prejudice to any other man, since there was still enough and as good left…For he that leaves as much as another can make use of, does as good as take nothing at all”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“If man in the state of Nature be so free…why will he part with his freedom, this empire, and subject himself to the dominion and control of any other power? To which, it is obvious to answer, that though in the state of Nature he hath such a right, yet the enjoyment of it is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasions of others…This makes him willing to quit this condition, which, however free, is full of fears and continual dangers; and it is not without reason that he seeks out and is willing to join in society with others…for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties, and estates, which I call by the general name, property”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“The liberty of man in society is to be under no other legislative power but that established by consent in the commonwealth; nor under the dominion of any will or restraint of any law, but what the legislative shall enact according to the trust put in it”
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689)
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed… .”
Declaration of Independence (1776)
“Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient Causes…But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them [the governed] under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.”
Declaration of Independence (1776)
“We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States... .”
Declaration of Independence (1776)
“Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents”
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789)
1.The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789)
“No one should be disturbed for his fundamental opinions; woman has the right to mount the scaffold, so she should have the right equally to mount the rostrum, provided that these manifestations do not trouble public order as established by law.”
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
“The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of woman, since this liberty assures the recognition of children by their fathers. Every citizenness may therefore say freely, I am the mother of your child”
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
“…I resolved to feign that everything which had ever entered my mind was no more true than the illusions of my dreams. But immediately afterwards I observed that while I thus desired everything to be false, I, who thought, must of necessity be something; and remarking that this truth, I think, therefore I am, was so firm and assured that all the most extravagant suppositions of the skeptics were unable to shake it, I judged that I could unhesitatingly accept it as the first principle of the philosophy I was seeking”
René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637)
“…examining attentively what I was, and seeing that I could feign I had no body, and that there was no world or any place where I was, but that nevertheless I could not feign that I could not exist…I knew that I was a substance whose essence or nature is only to think, and which, in order to be, has no need of any place, and depends on no material thing; so that this I, the soul by which I am what I am, is entirely distinct from the body…”
René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637)
“…reflecting upon the fact that I doubted, and that in consequence my being was not quite perfect…I bethought myself to find out from whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than I…[I ] could not derive it from myself; so that it remained that it had been put in me by a nature truly more perfect than I, which had in itself all perfections of which I could have any idea; that is, to explain myself in one word, God”
René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637)
“From Natural Philosophy have flowed all those great inventions, by means of which mankind in general are able to subsist with more ease, and in greater numbers upon the face of the earth…And by these sciences also it is, that the views of the human mind itself are enlarged, and our common nature improved and ennobled. It is for the honor of the species, therefore, that these sciences should be cultivated with the utmost attention”
Joseph Priestley, History and Present State of Electricity (1767)
“A [natural] philosopher ought to be something greater, and better than another man. The contemplation of the works of God should give a sublimity to his virtue, should expand his benevolence, extinguish everything mean, base, and selfish in his nature, give a dignity to all his sentiments, and teach him to aspire to the moral perfections of the great author of all things”
Joseph Priestley, History and Present State of Electricity (1767)
“Even everything painful and disagreeable in the world appears to a philosopher, upon a more attentive examination, to be excellently provided, as a remedy of some greater inconvenience…so that, from this elevated point of view, he sees all temporary evils and inconveniences to vanish, in the glorious prospect of the greater good to which they are subservient”
Joseph Priestley, History and Present State of Electricity (1767)
All nature is but art, unknown to thee;
All chance, direction, which thou canst not see;
All discord, harmony, not understood;
All partial evil, universal good:
And, spite of pride, in erring reason's spite,
One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.
Alexander Pope, Essay on Man (1733)
“our minds have been corrupted in proportion as our arts and sciences have made advances toward their perfection…We see virtue flying on one side, as their lights rise on the other of our horizon”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1751)
“In these our days the art of pleasing is by subtle researches, and finery of taste, reduced to certain principles; insomuch that a vile deceitful uniformity runs thro’ our whole system of manners: as if all our constitutions, all our minds had been cast in the one and same mold.—Politeness constantly requires, civility commands; we always follow customs, never our particular inclinations: no one, nowadays, dares to appear what he really is…”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1751)
“Whilst the government and laws provide for the safety and well-being of a people assembled; the sciences, letters, and arts…strow [sic] garlands of flowers on their iron fetters, smother those sentiments of original liberty, with which they would seem to have been born, make them in love with their slavery, and so form, what we call a polish’d nation”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1751)
“Let us view Egypt, the original school of the universe, that beautiful, fertile, and cloudless climate, that celebrated country, whence Sesostris formerly issued to conquer the world. Egypt becomes the mother of philosophy and arts, but soon after, the prey of Cambyses, and presently that of the Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, and at last that of the Turks”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1751)
“We were not originally made to be learned; we have become so perhaps by a sort of abuse of our organic faculties, and at the expense of the State, which nourishes a host of loafers whom vanity has adorned by the name of ‘philosophers’. Nature created us solely to be happy—yes, all, from the crawling worm to the eagle that soars out of sight in the clouds”
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine (1747)
“Words, languages, laws, sciences, and the fine arts, have come, and by them our rough diamond of a mind has been polished. Man has been trained in the same way as animals; he has become an author, as they have become beasts of burden. A geometrician has learned to perform the most difficult demonstrations and calculations, as a monkey has learned to take off and put on his little hat to mount his tame dog”
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine (1747)
“Man is such a complicated machine that it is impossible to form a clear idea of it beforehand…For this reason, all the investigations which the greatest philosophers have conducted a priori, that is to say, byattempting in a way to use the wings of the spirit, have been fruitless. Thus it is only a posteriori or by seeking to discover the soul through the organs of the body, so to speak, that we can reach the highest probability concerning man’s own nature”
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine (1747)
“Let us conclude boldly then that man is a machine, and that in the whole universe there is but a single substance with various modifications. This is no hypothesis set up by dint of proposals and assumptions. It is not the work of prejudice, nor even of my reason alone; I would have disdained a guide which I believe so untrustworthy, had not my senses held the torch, so to speak, and induced me to follow reason by lighting the way”
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine (1747)
“’What is Optimism?’ asked Cacambo—’Alas!’ said Candide, ‘it is the mania for insisting that all is well when all is by no means well’”
Voltaire, Candide, or Optimism (1759)
“Candide asked to see the law courts and the court of appeal; he was told that there were none, and that nobody ever went to court. He asked if there were any prisons, and was told that there were none. What surprised him even more, and pleased him the most, was the palace of sciences, in which he saw a gallery nearly a mile long filled entirely with instruments for the study of mathematics and astronomy”
Voltaire, Candide, or Optimism (1759)
“My father, a wise and grave man, gave me serious and excellent counsel against what he foresaw was my design…He told me it was men of desperate fortunes on one hand, or of aspiring, superior fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon adventures, to rise by enterprise, and make themselves famous in undertakings of a nature out of the common road; that these things were all either too far above me or too far below me; that mine was the middle state, or what might be called the upper station of low life, which he had found, by long experience, was the best state in the world”
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)
“At the end of this march I came to an opening where the country seemed to descend to the west…and the country appeared so fresh, so green, so flourishing, everything being in a constant verdure or flourish of spring that it looked like a planted garden. I descended a little on the side of that delicious vale, surveying it with a secret kind of pleasure, though mixed with my other afflicting thoughts, to think that this was all my own; that I was king and lord of all this country indefeasibly, and had a right of possession; and if I could convey it, I might have it in inheritance as completely as any lord of a manor in England”
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)
“He was a comely, handsome fellow, perfectly well made, with straight, strong limbs, not too large; tall, and well-shaped; and, as I reckon, about twenty-six years of age. He had a very good countenance, not a fierce and surly aspect, but seemed to have something very manly in his face; and yet he had all the sweetness and softness of a European in his countenance, too, especially when he smiled. His hair was long and black, not curled like wool; his forehead very high and large; and a great vivacity and sparkling sharpness in his eyes. The colour of his skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not an ugly, yellow, nauseous tawny, as the Brazilians and Virginians, and other natives of America are, but of a bright kind of a dun olive-colour, that had in it something very agreeable, though not very easy to describe. His face was round and plump; his nose small, not flat, like the negroes; a very good mouth, thin lips, and his fine teeth well set, and as white as ivory”
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)
“…I had not only been moved to look up to heaven myself, and to seek the Hand that had brought me here, but was now to be made an instrument, under Providence, to save the life, and, for aught I knew, the soul of a poor savage, and bring him to the true knowledge of religion and of the Christian doctrine, that he might know Christ Jesus, in whom is life eternal; I say, when I reflected upon all these things, a secret joy ran through every part of My soul, and I frequently rejoiced that ever I was brought to this place, which I had so often thought the most dreadful of all afflictions that could possibly have befallen me”
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)
“There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent either in action or speculation. No ingenious manufactures among them, no arts, no sciences. On the other hand, the most rude and barbarous of the whites, such as the ancient Germans, the present Tartars, have still something eminent about them, in their valor, form of government, or some other particular”
David Hume, from Essays, Moral and Political (1742)
“The Negroes of Africa have by nature no feeling that rises above the trifling”
Immanuel Kant, from Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764)
“AS to their morality or good conduct, I can say, like Harlequin, that 'tis just as 'tis with you; and the Turkish ladies don't commit one sin the less for not being Christians…'Tis very easy to see, they have in reality moreliberty than we have. No woman, of what rank soever, is permitted to go into the streets without two murlins, one that covers her face all but her eyes, and another, that hides the whole dress of her head, and hangs half way down her back…”
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1763)
“THIS perpetual masquerade gives them entire liberty of following their inclinations, without danger of discovery. The most usual method of intrigue, is, to send an appointment to the lover to meet the lady at a Jew's shop, which are as notoriously convenient as our Indian-houses; and yet, even those who don't make use of them, do not scruple to go to buy pennyworths, and tumble over rich goods, which are chiefly to be found amongst that sort of people. The great ladies seldom let their gallants know who they are; and 'tis so difficult to find it out, that they can very seldom guess at her name, whom they have corresponded with for above half a year together. You may easily imagine the number of faithful wives very small in a country where they have nothing to fear from a lover's indiscretion…Neither have they much to apprehend from the resentment of their husbands; those ladies that are rich, having all their money in their own hands”
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1763)
“The first sofas were covered with cushions and rich carpets, on which sat the ladies; and on the second, their slaves behind them, but without any distinction of rank by their dress, all being in the state of nature, that is, in plain English, stark naked, without any beauty or defect concealed. Yet there was not the least wanton smile or immodest gesture amongst them. They walked and moved with the same majestic grace, which Milton describes our general mother with. There were many amongst them, as exactly proportioned as ever any goddess was drawn by the pencil of a Guido or Titian,—and most of their skins shiningly white, only adorned by their beautiful hair divided into many tresses, hanging on their shoulders, braided either with pearl or ribbon, perfectly representing the figures of the Graces”
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1763)
“Thus, you see, Sir, these people are not so unpolished as we represent them. 'Tis true, their magnificence is of a very different taste from ours, and perhaps of a better. I am almost of opinion, they have a right notion of life. They consume it in music, gardens, wine, and delicate eating, while we are tormenting our brains with some scheme of politics, orstudying some science to which we can never attain…We die or grow old before we can reap the fruit of our labours. Considering what short-liv'd, weak animals men are, is there any study so beneficial as the study of present pleasure?...I don't expect from you the insipid railleries I should suffer from another in answer to this letter. You know how to divide the idea of pleasure from that of vice, and they are only mingled in the heads of fools.—But I allow you to laugh at me for the sensual declaration in saying, that I had rather be a rich effendi, with all his ignorance, than Sir Isaac Newton with all his knowledge”
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1763)
“In short, 'tis the women's coffee-house, where all the news of the town is told, scandal invented, &c.—They generally take this diversion once a-week (sic), andstay there at least four or five hours…The lady, that seemed the most considerable among them, entreated me to sit by her, and would fain have undressed me for the bath. I excused myself with some difficulty. They being however all so earnest in persuading me, I was at last forced to open my shirt, and shew them my stays; which satisfied them very well; for, I saw, they believed I was locked up in that machine, and that it was not in my own power to open it, which contrivance they attributed to my husband,—I was charmed with their civility and beauty, and should have been very glad to pass more time with them”
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1763)
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