policing & society - final

Crime prevention and deterrence, apprehension of offenders, creation of a sense of community security and satisfaction, provision of non-crime related services, and traffic control are the __________.

goals of patrol

Which of the following is true of foot patrol?

• a.  It results in a great reduction in crime.

• b.  It primarily reduces citizen’s fear of crime.

• c.  It creates more of an adversarial relationship with the community.

• d.  It increases an officer’s isolation from the community they serve

b. it primarily reduces citizen’s fear of crime

What are the two most important variables for determining resource allocation?

location and time

Police field operations consists of two primary functions, which are:

investigations and patrol

In addition to the development of the UCR, ______ changed the nature of the patrol car.

use of the patrol car

An officer who performs a variety of different activities is _______

a generalist

Which database holds hundreds of thousands of scanned fingerprints?

AFIS

____ involve the community identifying and defining crime and problems and leverage the public as allies in crime prevention

community-based approaches

• Which of the following is a dimension of procedural justice?

•   a.  Failing to treat people with dignity and   respect.

•   b.  Giving citizens voice during encounters.

•   c.  Being secretive about decision-making.

•   d.  Conveying untrustworthy motives.

b. giving citizens voice during encounters

• Which of the following is NOT a feature of focused deterrence?

•   a.  Selecting a particular crime problem 

•   b.  Focusing only police efforts to embrace nonviolence   in order to challenge retaliatory violence

•   c.  Communicating directly and repeatedly with   offenders

•   d.  Pulling together an interagency enforcement group.

b. focusing only police efforts to embrace nonviolence in order to challenge retaliatory violence

• Some agencies that employ predictive policing have established real-time crime centers, whose purpose is to _______.

•   a.  compile crime statistics

•   b.  analyze officer behavior

•   c.  analyze past crime statistics

•   d.  react to crime very quickly

d. react to crime very quickly

• Which of the following strategies has led to public reassurance and reductions in fear of crime but evidence suggests does little to reduce crime?  

• a.  Community-oriented policing  

• b.  Problem-oriented policing

• c.  Predictive policing  

• d.  Intelligence-led policing

a. community-oriented policing

Target oriented policing is the concept used by officers to assess likely targets in their districts

True

Traffic control accounts for the most contacts with the public by officers.

True

Crime Gun Intelligence Centers are free-standing and do not collaborate with any other agencies

False

CODIS is a data bank that contains millions of fingerprints.

False

Residual deterrence refers to when crime reduction stops immediately after a crackdown has ceased.

True

If public trust is low, any lack of transparency is often interpreted as an attempt to evade accountability.

True

Person-based approaches are based on the logic that a small number of chronic offenders are responsible for a large proportion of crime.

True

Prioritizing police resources on those who are most likely to be repeat or chronic offenders is the goal of the problem-solving approach to policing.

False

Quality-of-life policing targets the reduction of physical and social disorder in order to reduce serious crime.

True

What works in policing is quite easy to identify due to improvements in technology.

False

A common feature of focused deterrence is to repeatedly let offenders know that they are under close scrutiny by officers.

True

Studies have shown that people are as concerned with how they are treated by the police as with the outcome of the police-citizen interaction.

True

The ________________ perspective emphasizes the social context in which police officers are hired and trained and police-citizen interactions occur.

a. sociology

The behavior of a police officer is explained by the characteristics, values, and attitudes that the individual officer had before becoming a police officer. This is known as what?

b. predispositional theory

In this policing style, the police see themselves as providing a product that the community wants:

c. service style

There are a variety of factors that affect the decisions an officer makes.  Which is considered an organizational factor?

a. how often their shift is

Among the elements of police culture, one principle states that the police develop strategies and tactics to protect themselves when department goals are perceived to undermine their ability to do their work.  What is this principle?

c. loose coupling

The research conducted concerning police values seems to support what theory?

d. predispositional theory

In-group solidarity results from ____

c. the perception that the public cannot be trusted

In the attempt to explain police behavior, this perspective is concerned with the nature of the “police personality”:

d. psychological perspective

In the typology of deviant officers, these officers are honest but willing to overlook some of the indiscretions of other officers:

b. straight shooters

In the typology of deviant officers, these officers actively seek out opportunities for corruption:

c. meat eaters

Police deviance is behavior that does not conform to the standards of norms or expectations.

True

Solidarity is produced by the dangers and unpredictability of police work and from the intense individualism that is part of the police ethos

True

Meat eaters are police officers who accept graft when it comes their way but do not actively pursue opportunities for graft

False

The legalistic style of policing involves police intervening frequently but informally, with arrest not being an inevitable outcome

False

A symbolic assailant is someone that a police officer thinks is potentially dangerous

True

Solidarity in policing is a desire to work alone

False

Officers with more favorable attitudes toward community policing were more selective in making arrests compared to those officers with less favorable attitudes

True

Predispositional theory focuses on the idea that the policing occupation attracts people with certain attitudes and beliefs

True

The systemic theory of corruption tends to support the sociological perspective of police behavior

True

The code of silence pertains to police administrators and their inability to share information with patrol officers

False

What is defined as violence of a degree that is more than justified to affect a legitimate police function?

a. excessive force

There are three categories for which data are required if the extent of the use of deadly force is to be determined. These categories are __________.

b. death, injury, and non-injury

• Which of the following is true regarding extra-legal police aggression?

  • It occurs when a police officer engages in behavior that is intended to injure someone physically or psychologically.

  • It serves a legitimate police function.

  • It includes only physical behaviors that an officer engages in, such as violence.

  • It includes only psychological actions that an officer engages in, such as insults.

a. it occurs when a police officer engages in behavior that is intended

The Police-Public Contact Survey found that about ______ of the citizens that police came into contact with had force used or threatened against them

d. 2%

There are a number of factors that influence the use of deadly force.  The neighborhood where the police do their work is an example of what factor?

b. environmental factors

This authorized the use of deadly force when a suspect of a serious crime was attempting to run from the police:

d. fleeing-felon rule

More restrictive guidelines concerning the police use of deadly force have resulted in what?

a. a decrease in the number of citizens killed by the police

The carotid hold and the arm bar-control hold are examples of what type of control?

d. deadly force or a. firm grips????

deception is a form of _____

a. physical coercion

_____operates on the assumption that the visible authority of the state is sufficient to deter criminal wrongdoing

c. mere presence

Defense-of-life shooting policies generally restrict the use of deadly force to situations in which the officer’s life, or another person’s, is in jeopardy to prevent the escape of a person who is extremely dangerous

True

Despite the significance of the use of force, the U.S. government does not collect official data

True

The shooting of unarmed, nonviolent suspects has been ruled by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution

False

Trauma-informed police training involves educating officers on the prevalence of trauma in the citizens that the encounter

True

Whites are more likely to be shot by the police than are African American and Hispanic minorities

False

An officer’s assignment appears to be a much more important predictor of the use of deadly force than age, intelligence, and educational background

True

The purpose of the use of deadly force is usually to incapacitate a suspect, not to kill the suspect

True

The police are permitted to promise the suspect a lighter sentence in exchange for information

False

Mere presence is the lowest level of force on the continuum of force

True

More restrictive deadly-force policies have resulted in an increase in the number of police officers being injured or killed

False

• Which of the following is NOT one of steps taken by police departments in the investigation of complaints against officers?

  • Review the complainant’s allegation to determine what departmental standard(s) was violated.

  • Subject the complainant to a lie-detector test to determine his or her honesty.

  • Contact and interview all witnesses and re-interview the complainant if necessary.

  • Obtain background information on the complainant to see if they filed past allegations against officers.

b. subject the complainant to a lie-detector test to determine his or her honesty

A(n) _________ is a general statement of purpose that is useful in identifying the role and mission of the police.

a. goal

The investigation into a citizen complaint is considered ___________ if the investigation determines that the complaint did not occur as alleged against the officer

d. unfounded

Research has noted that ____ of citizens file complaints about police methods and behavior

a. less than 1%

______ is an effort to control police behavior by establishing an external form of review for allegations of police misconduct

d. a civilian review board

This is a general statement that gives guidance to police officers as to the proper course of action:

b. departmental policy

A recent study found that grievance arbitration typically reduces the amount of discipline ultimately imposed by what amount?

d. 50%

If other observers conducted research again in the same setting and achieved similar conclusions, this is known as what?

a. reliability

Which of the following occurs when an investigation into citizen complaints finds that the alleged complaint is essentially true but the officer’s behavior is justified, legal, and within organizational policy?

• Unsubstantiated complaint

• Unfounded complaint

• Exoneration

• Sustained complaint

c. exoneration

This system tracks officer behavior and alerts management when an individual officer exceeds the threshold for a specific behavior

c. early warning

Lockers at the police station, a police car, and other elements of on-duty performance are protected by the Fourth Amendment during an internal investigation

False

Oversight mechanisms must be internal to the police department

False

The Fourth Amendment guarantees apply to police officers at home and off duty

True

A small number of police officers receive a disproportionate number of complaints

True

Generally speaking, if an unlawful search of a police officer occurs during an internal investigation, the fruits of that search cannot be used in the disciplinary hearing

False

Officers found guilty in an internal investigation do not have a right to appeal

False

Termination of employment, reassignment, and mandatory training are all examples of options that can be used as punishment by police departments in response to officer misconduct

True

The more public criticism of police behavior, the more likely supervisors are to use some form of punitive discipline

True

An exoneration of an officer occurs when the investigation results in a finding that the alleged complaint is essentially false but that the officer’s behavior was not justified, legal, or within organizational policy

False

Two primary sources of standards for the police are professional and ethical training

True

What is empirical evidence?

d. it is derived from the systematic study of one or more effectiveness criteria

Agencies that reflect the population they serve are more likely to function properly and be responsive to the needs and desires of minority populations and enhance legitimacy of the public agency.  Such an agency is known as a _____

d. representative bureaucracy

Which of the following is a benefit to having racially mixed policing teams?

• They can have a moderating effect on officers of each race

• It can lead to socializing each officer in ways to interact with citizens of different races

• The teams can serve as a symbolic benefit for the police department

• All of the above are benefits of having racially mixed teams

d. all of the above are benefits of having racially mixed teams

Studies of the performance of women officers found that female officers __________

a. were less likely to be charged with improper conduct

Which of the following is NOT an example of an issue that policewomen often have to deal with?

• Police culture

• Deciding who gets promoted

• Pregnancy and maternity leave

• Sexual harassment

b. deciding who gets promoted

Police executives felt this was a fair and effective means of providing a professional police force:

c. civil service

Which of the following statements is true concerning African American police officers?

• Frequently, black officers were allowed to patrol only in black areas and to arrest only other black citizens.

• Black officers were frequently restricted in type and location of assignments.

• Some evidence indicates that black officers were actually more punitive on black citizens than white officers.

• All of the above statements are true

d. all of the above statements are true

A 2016 survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that women comprised approximately ___ of all full-time local police officers

a. 12%

What is defeminization?

a. it is when females officers who do not conform to sex-role stereotypes are labeled by male officers in an attempt to neutralize their threat to male dominance

Prior to the 1950s, the role of women in policing was restricted primarily to what?

a. juvenile and family problems

Police departments may be held liable for sexual harassment even if they did not know of the offending behavior

True

Today, as African American officers become more self-assured and less likely to accept discriminatory practices, double marginality is less of a problem

True

Early evaluations of female police officers found that they did not perform in a satisfactory manner

False

Police departments have particularly strong safeguards in place that ensure female police officers are treated exactly the same as male police officers

False

Attempts to remedy past discriminatory employment and promotional practices are reflected in an affirmative action plan

True

In general, the police role is not physically demanding and requires a much stronger mental than physical capacity

True