World Regional Geography Exam #3 Review Outline

Cultural Hearths

Ancient centers of civilization and culture.

Water Issues

Challenges related to water scarcity and management.

Oil Reserves

NASWA holds 2/3 of global proven oil reserves.

Islam

Religion founded by Muhammad, means submission.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core practices: creed, prayer, fasting, alms, pilgrimage.

Expansion Diffusion

Ideas spread from a strong source area.

Relocation Diffusion

Migrants carry innovations to new locations.

Sunni Muslims

85% of global Muslim population.

Shi'ite Muslims

Sect split over Muhammad's succession.

Turkish Ottoman Empire

Historical empire from Mongolia to Black Sea.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Modernized Turkey, moved capital to Ankara.

Persian Empire

Historical empire, ended with 1979 Shi'ite Revolution.

Iranian Plateau

Highland basin supporting nomadic lifestyles.

Rift Valleys

Geological features formed by tectonic activity.

Subsaharan Africa Population

Population exceeds 1 billion, high growth rate.

Bride Wealth

Cattle given for marrying daughters, signifies status.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Peak occurred between 1700 and 1870.

Berlin Conference

1884 meeting dividing Africa among European powers.

Colonial Impact

European powers inhibited indigenous African growth.

African Transition Zone

Region of conflicts, overlaps Sahel area.

Choke Points

Strategic locations like Suez Canal and Strait of Hormuz.

Euphrates and Tigris Rivers

Historic region known as Mesopotamia.

Aswan High Dam

Largest Nile water control project, creates Lake Nasser.

Ethnic Diversity

Hundreds of ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Natural Resources

Economies rely heavily on primary activities.

Wildlife Threats

Many species endangered due to habitat loss.

Kazakhstan's Capital Move

Astana was chosen for strategic reasons.

Political Fragmentation

Legacy of divided governance in post-colonial Africa.

Cultural-Territorial Layout

Original ethnic boundaries disrupted by colonialism.

Mistake of 1914

Nigeria's borders created without ethnic consideration.

Multilingualism

Hundreds of languages spoken across Africa.

Single Crop Dependency

Economies reliant on one crop or mineral.

Transportation Challenges

Goods movement hindered by geographic barriers.

Communication Barriers

Impediments include deserts and dense forests.

Biafra

Eastern Nigeria's attempt to secede in 1967.

Federal State

Nigeria's governance structure under military rule.

Cultural Geography

Study of languages and belief systems in Africa.

Agricultural Innovation

Africa's role in early farming practices.

Land Tenure

Customary land ownership by villages, not individuals.

Desertification

Environmental issue affecting Sahel's agriculture.

Apartheid

Racial segregation policy in South Africa (1948-1994).

Afrikaners

Descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa.

HIV/AIDS Crisis

Significant health issue affecting Sub-Saharan Africa.

Digital Divide

Lack of communication technology in Africa.

Subtropical Convergence

Marine area where cold and warm waters meet.

White Australia Policy

Immigration policy favoring white settlers until 1978.

Economic Geography

Focus on exports of livestock and minerals.

Urbanization

High percentage of populations living in cities.

Australian Core Area

Population concentrated in eastern coastal regions.

Marsupial

Animal with pouch for early-stage young.

Biogeography

Study of species distribution across regions.

Southern Alps

Mountain range in New Zealand prone to hazards.

Maori Population

Indigenous people of New Zealand, 15% of population.

Primary Exports of New Zealand

Wool, milk products, meat, and vegetables.