ENDOCRINE & NERVOUS SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE

What is a Hormone?

Chemical messenger produced by glands that travels in the bloodstream to target organs.

Hormones are sent from one organ to another.

True

How do hormones travel?

Through the bloodstream.

Glands that make hormones are called?

Endocrine glands.

What is the master gland?

Pituitary gland.

What does the hypothalamus send hormones to?

Pituitary gland.

Parts of the pituitary gland include?

Anterior and Posterior.

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Lower part of the larynx.

Where is the thymus gland located?

Behind the sternum and in front of the lungs.

What are the gonads?

Both Testes and Ovaries.

The pancreas is also part of which system?

Digestive System.

What hormone drops blood sugar?

Insulin.

What hormone raises blood sugar?

Glucagon.

Which hormone starts childbirth contractions?

Oxytocin.

Which hormone is responsible for milk flow?

Oxytocin.

What hormones dilate bronchioles and pupils?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

Which hormone makes you feel sleepy?

Melatonin.

Thyroxine is converted into which hormone?

T3.

Hormones that regulate blood sugar include?

Insulin and Glucagon.

What does ADH do?

Holds urine.

Which hormone is involved in stress glucose production?

Cortisol.

What hormones are involved in the fight or flight response?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

Which hormone increases metabolism?

Thyroxine.

Which hormones are responsible for sex characteristics?

Estrogen and Testosterone.

What hormone regulates thyroid function?

TSH.

What does too much sugar in the blood trigger?

Insulin.

What does too little sugar in the blood trigger?

Glucagon.

Which hormone is responsible for male traits and drive?

Testosterone.

What does insulin do to sugar?

Absorb and store sugar.

What hormone is responsible for egg production?

FSH.

What does glucagon trigger in the liver?

Releases sugar.

What hormone is involved in milk production?

Prolactin.

Which hormones are involved in sperm production?

FSH and LH.

What hormone stimulates testosterone production?

LH.

What does aldosterone do?

Retains salt and water.

Which hormones are involved in estrogen and progesterone production?

LH.

What does growth hormone do?

Promotes growth by mitosis.

What does calcitonin do?

Moves calcium to bones.

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Moves calcium to blood.

What hormone triggers ovulation?

LH.

What hormone matures T cells?

Thymosin.

What does ACTH do?

Stimulates adrenal cortex.

What does ADH do to water?

Reabsorbs water.

What do estrogen and progesterone do?

Build uterine lining.

What does progesterone do in relation to the uterine lining?

Keeps lining thick.

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

Sensory input, Integration, Motor output.

What are unipolar neurons?

Neurons with 1 process; sensory neurons.

What are bipolar neurons?

Neurons with 2 processes; rare, found in sense organs.

What are multipolar neurons?

Neurons with many processes; most common.

What are sensory (afferent) neurons?

Neurons that send signals to the CNS.

What are motor (efferent) neurons?

Neurons that send signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.

What are interneurons (association) neurons?

Neurons that are located within the CNS; most common.

What type of support cells are in the nervous system?

Neuroglia.

What is another term for action potential?

Nerve impulse or electrical signal.

What is the charge inside a neuron cell?

Negative due to trapped proteins and ions.

What is the largest part of the brain?

Cerebrum.

What are gyri?

Brain folds (bumps).

What are sulci?

Grooves between brain folds.

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus callosum.

What does the cerebellum control?

Muscle memory and coordination.

What makes up the diencephalon?

Thalamus and hypothalamus.

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital.

What are the other parts of the brain?

Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Receives information from the brain and bloodstream; sends hormones to the pituitary gland.

What hormone stimulates egg production?

FSH.

Where is the adrenal cortex located?

Above the kidneys.

Function of the parathyroid hormone?

Regulates calcium levels in the blood.

What does cortisol do during stress?

Increases glucose production.

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

Regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon.

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

Thyroxine and calcitonin.

What is the function of the ovaries?

Produce eggs and hormones like estrogen.

What is the function of the testes?

Produce sperm and hormones like testosterone.

Function of the thymus gland?

Matures T lymphocytes, important for immune response.

What is the significance of melatonin?

Regulates sleep-wake cycles.

The role of the epinephrine hormone?

Prepares the body for fight or flight.

What does aldosterone regulate?

Regulates blood pressure by managing potassium and sodium.

What is the primary function of the growth hormone?

Promotes growth and cell reproduction.

What is the role of prolactin?

Stimulates milk production in breastfeeding.

What does insulin do to blood sugar levels?

Lowers blood sugar levels.

What does glucagon do to blood sugar levels?

Raises blood sugar levels.

What are the posterior and anterior parts of the pituitary gland responsible for?

Releasing different hormones affecting growth, development, and metabolism.

What is the nervous system?

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body.

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

The two main parts are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What is the central nervous system?

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

What is the peripheral nervous system?

The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves outside the CNS, connecting it to limbs and organs.

What is a neuron?

A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses.

What are the three main types of neurons?

The three main types are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

What do sensory neurons do?

Sensory neurons carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.

What do motor neurons do?

Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.

What are interneurons?

Interneurons connect various neurons within the CNS.

What is a synapse?

A synapse is the junction between two neurons where information is transmitted.

What is neurotransmission?

Neurotransmission is the process of sending signals across a synapse through neurotransmitters.

What are neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.

What is the function of the brain?

The brain is the control center of the body, responsible for processing sensory information, regulating bodily functions, and enabling cognition.

What are the major parts of the brain?

The major parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.

What does the cerebrum control?

The cerebrum controls higher brain functions such as thought, memory, and movement.

What is the role of the cerebellum?

The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance.

What does the brainstem do?

The brainstem regulates vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

What is the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain down the back, transmitting signals between the brain and the body.