BRACE YOURSELF!!! Its about to get rocky!! (Extracellular accumulations)

extracellular accumulations

what are all of these?: Hyaline Substances, Amyloid, Fibrinoid Necrosis/Change, Collagen/Fibrosis, Fatty Infiltration, Gout/Pseudogout, Cholesterol, Calcification, Heterotopic Ossification

hyaline substances

homogenous, eosinophilic, and translucent appearance to a cellular or extracellular substance

EOSINOPHILIC

Proteins are stained _________ in hyaline substances?

True

true/false: Hyaline is an ADJECTIVE to describe a substance, but often means theres protein somewhere

protein in renal tubules, serum/plasma in vessels, collagen fibers, thickened basement membranes, corpora amylacea

What are some examples of hyaline substances?

Concentric layers of glycoprotein in glands or CNS

Corpora amylacea? Wtf? Define:

hyaline casts

What extracellular inclusion?

corpora amylacea

What extracellular inclusion?

FALSE; named for it's ability to stain with iodine

true/false: amyloid is named for its "starch like" qualities

mis-folded proteins

What is amyloid?

highly ordered, fibrillar polypeptide chains, cross beta sheets, pathogenesis, morphological appearance

Amyloid is: Unfolded or partially unfolded proteins or peptide fragments

They are ___________, generic structure of ________________________

Rich in ______________________

Biochemically diverse with common __________ and ____________________

true

true/aflse: myloid proteins can self replicate

self-replicaiting template, failure to degrade, genetic mutations, overproduction from abnormality in synthesizing cell, loss of chaperone molecules in assembly process

There are 5 "causes" of amyloid on slide 10. Read if you want but they're all ways the body screws up proteins; listed VERY generally here:

precursor peptide/protein

Amyloid types are classified based on the biochemical identity of their _______________________

immunoglobulin light chains, plasma cells

AL type Amyloid is from __________________ derived from __________

Primary

is type AL amyloid primary or secondary?

dyscrasia, neoplasia, light chain fragments

AL is produced by plasma cell _________ or _______________. Where the abnormal plasma cells secrete the _________________ into circulation

serum amyloid A protein, hepatocytes, high-density lipoproteins

Type AA amylase, is a ________________________ produced by ________________ and bound to ____________________ in circulation

secondary; associated with other proteins

is Amyloid type AA primary or secondary?

Chronic inflamation!!! (AL is typically more localized)

Type AA amyloid is more associated with ________________

true

true/false: Amyloid type AA can have Hereditary or familial forms also recognized like in Shar-Pei dogs and Abyssinian cats

renal glomeruli, liver, spleen

AA amyloid is classically where?

read.

Read pls: (sorry) AA amyloid process:

taken up by cells and converted from alpha-helical confirmation to beta-sheets → forms oligomers that disrupt cell membranes and leave the cell → oligomers form fibrils that aggregate in deposits → disrupt tissue function

disrupts and damages

Deposition of amyloid ______- and ______________ tissues

systemic

what type of amyloid is Amyloid deposited around the body in multiple organs

localized

what type of amyloid is amyloid deposition restricted to tissues which produce the precursor protein or peptide

systemic

is systemic or localized amyloid more likely to be life threatening?

localized

These are both examples of what type of amyloid?

Islet amyloid peptide secreted by beta cells in pancreatic islets in cats

Beta-amyloid in cerebral cortex of aged dog with canine cognitive dysfunction

amyloid

describe the extracellular inclusion

amyloid

describe the extracellular inclusion

Congo red stain

what stain is uniquely associate with Amyloid inclusions?

apple green biferingence under polarized light

Congo red is orange-red on origional staining... but then you do something special to it. What does it look like and in what special conditions?

Firm, yellow, waxy, coalescing nodular or amorphous deposits

describe amyloid grossly

iodine, sulfuric acid

you pan amyloid lesions with ______ to get a yellow color, add _______ to get blue violet

conjunctival amyloidosis

Describe this lesion

AA

Which type of amyloid?

Fibrinoid necrosis

Type of extracellular change from the leakage of plasma proteins into the vessel wall

true

true/false: fibrinoid necrosis is related to inflammation, infection, trauma, or other injury

fibrinoid necrosis change

describe the extracellular accumulation

fibrosis

_________: excess in fibrous collagen (type I collagen) in the interstitium

fibroblasts, injury or inflammation

collagen/fibrosis is typically produced by __________________ after _________________ or ____________

scarring

collagen/fibrosis can also be present in ____________ that may compromise organ function

myocardial fibrosis

Describe this extracellular inclusion (heart muscle)

fatty infiltration

_______________: Increase in the number and/or volume of adipocytes in the interstitium of an organ or tissue due to obesity, cardio- or skeletal myopathies, or atrophied tissue

fatty infiltration

Describe the extracellular accumulation (this is a heart muscle)

gout

________: deposition of sodium urate crystals (urates) in tissues

birds, reptiles

gout is most commonly seen in animals in _______ and _______

pseudogout

___________________: deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in tissues

tophi

What is the specific term for the inflammatory response ellicited from neutrophils/heterophils and macrophages by gout

articular, visceral

What are the two types of gout?

renal gout tophi

Describe this extracellular inclusion in the kidney

cholesterol

_______________ crystals can form at sites of hemorrhage or necrosis but dissolve during processing, forming acicular clefts seen in histologic sections

macrophages

what do cholesterol crystals attract?

cholesterol

what is this extracellular inclusion?

pathological calcification

____________________: deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues

metastatic calcification

type of calcification as the result of hypercalcemia

calcium and phosphorus

Metastatic calcification occurs as the result of an imbalance of _______ and _________

Primary hyperparathyroidism, Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, Hypervitaminosis D (plant toxicosis, rodenticides), Paraneoplastic syndromes

What are some causes of metastatic calcification

intima, tunica media, basophilic stippling

Microscopically, metastatic calcification looks like deposits in the _______ and _________ of vessels, with a subtle ________________

von kossa, the silver in it stains the calcium salts black

What is the specific stain associated with calcium? How does it work?

gastric calcification

Describe this extracellular inclusions?

Von kossa staining

this is calcification... why does it look like that?

gritty white ish granules or streaks

Describe mestastatic calcification grossly

Metastatic calcification

what would make this aorta look like that?

dystrophic calcification

type of calcification of dead tissue as part of necrosis

loss of Ca balance during cell injury

What is the machanism for dystrophic calcification?

mitochondria, ER, cytosol

where is caclium sequestered in a healthy cell

white muscle disease

what is dystrophic calcification in striated muscle called? (from vitamin E/Se deficiency

necrosis, repetitive trauma

what are the main causes of dystrophic calcification?

basophilic stippling, mitochondria, basophilia

Dystrophic calcification is initially visible as _________ most profoundly in the [what organelle]. But then progresses to the whole cell and extracellular tissue as widespread intense ______________

dystrophic calcification

this is actually a caseous necrosis, but how would you describe the extracellular inclusions?

gritty white ish granules or streaks

describe dystrophic calcification grossly

dystrophic calcification

describe what extracellular inclusion you would expect to see with this lesion

dystrophic

is this dystrophic or metastatic?

heterotropic ossification

______________: formation of bony tissue at an extra-skeletal site

in chronic lesions of soft tissue calcification

Where do you find Heterotropic ossification?

False; does not always ossify

true/false: Pathological calcification, given enough time, will always calcify

hard spicules or nodules

What does heterotropic ossification look like grossly?

in lungs and dura of old dogs

Heterotrophic ossification can be an incidental finding on necropsy... for example, in:...

Dural ossification

What is this extracellular inclusion of the dura mater?