Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Flashcards covering the key concepts from the Heimler Review Guide on the consequences of industrialization, including reasons for imperial expansion, methods of economic imperialism, migration, and resistance to imperialism.

What is nationalism?

Belief in the greatness of one's nation due to shared language, religion, or social customs.

How did nationalism contribute to the second wave of imperialism?

It fueled the desire for territory and recognition as a great power, leading to competition among nations.

What was Social Darwinism?

Application of 'survival of the fittest' to humans, resulting in 'scientific racism' and the assumption that non-Western races were immature.

How did Social Darwinism contribute to the second wave of imperialism?

Industrialized European states believed they were the 'fit' and thus entitled to take over the 'unfit' unindustrialized states.

What was the civilizing mission?

The belief that imperial nations had a duty to develop conquered people, including converting them to Christianity and educating them in Western-style schools.

What led the Belgian Congo to go from private to state control?

King Leopold II's brutal exploitation of the land and people for rubber extraction led the Belgian government to take control.

What is a good example of European states expanding their empires in Africa with diplomacy?

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885), where European states carved up Africa without African input.

What is a good example of European states expanding their empires in Africa with warfare?

The Boer Wars, where the British fought the Dutch in South Africa, consolidating power and driving both the Dutch Afrikaners and indigenous South Africans into refugee camps.

Where were settler colonies established during this time period?

Australia, New Zealand, and during the Scramble for Africa.

In what ways did the United States participate in 19th century imperialism?

Through westward expansion (Manifest Destiny) and expansion into Southeast Asia by taking control of the Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War.

What did Russian expansion look like in the 19th century?

Conquest of Siberia to the Pacific, addition of lands in the south and west, and development of Pan-Slavism.

What did imperialism look like for Japan at this time?

Expansion of influence over Korea, Manchuria, and other parts of China due to rapid industrialization during the Meiji Restoration.

What is economic imperialism?

Extending control over another state by economic means.

How did the British practice economic imperialism in China?

Selling opium to China to fix a trade imbalance, leading to the First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing, which favored British interests. Also they could not stop the sale of opium in China which gave European states a distinct economic advantage.

How did instability in China lead to greater European control?

Internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion and wars like the Second Opium War led to the creation of spheres of influence in China.

What is an example of economic imperialism in Latin America?

The United Fruit Company building infrastructure in Latin America in exchange for control of large amounts of land for their banana business.

What is the difference between economic imperialism and the economics of imperialism?

Economic imperialism is the CAUSE (method to control places), while the economics of imperialism is an EFFECT (how global economics changed).

What is an export economy?

An economy arranged around the export of commodities, specializing in commercial extraction of natural resources.

How were export economies a continuity from the previous era, c. 1450-1750 CE?

Places still expected to support imperial empires just like in the previous era, and colonies expected to buy finished products from their conquerors.

What are some examples of new export economies?

India and Egypt growing cotton, West African economies focused on palm oil, and economies focused on coffee or meat.

How did industrialization lead to increased migration?

Technology such as railroads and steamships allowed migrants to migrate easily and cheaply, and return home.

What were the environmental causes of increased migration c. 1750-1900?

Demographic changes like large population in Europe leading to job shortages and famines like the Irish Potato Famine.

How did the desire for work lead to different kinds of migration?

Some migrants made a free choice to relocate while others became part of semi-coerced labor systems.

What was indentured servitude?

A form of semi-coerced labor in which Indian and Chinese workers were moved throughout the British empire under harsh conditions.

What was convict labor?

A form of semi-coerced labor in which British and French convicts were sent to penal colonies to perform hard labor.

What was a social effect of increased migration on the places people left?

Growing gender imbalance as mostly men migrated, causing women to take on traditionally male roles.

What was a cultural effect of increased migration on the receiving societies?

Formation of ethnic enclaves where migrants practiced their culture, such as Chinatowns or Little Italies.

What was a negative social effect of increased migration on the receiving societies?

Rise in nativism or prejudice against new minority populations, leading to actions such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy.

How did the civilizing mission of imperialism lead to growing resistance against it?

Western education featured Enlightenment ideas that led colonized people to question the right of imperial states to conquer others' lands.

Why were some Europeans opposed to imperialism?

Some criticized its brutality (Joseph Conrad) and others felt it created an unstable market (J.A. Hobson) or was a part of capitalism (Karl Marx).

What is a good example of direct resistance within empires?

The Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa, where the Asante Kingdom fought back against British intrusion.

What is an example of a people who created a new state at the periphery of a growing imperial state as a form of resistance?

The Cherokee Nation in the United States and the Zulu Kingdom resisting British takeovers in South Africa.

What is an example of rebellions against imperialism that were influenced by religious ideas?

The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa, inspired by the belief that slaughtering cattle would drive away the imperial invaders.