comm quiz 1 material

for cumulative exam

linear model of communication

sender originates message goes through channel might encounter noise then gets to reciever

interaction model of communication

includes feedback between the receiver and the sender

competent communication model

transactional model with cognitions influencing behaviors

interaction appearance theory

how people change their perception of someone else as they spend more time together

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to assume another person wrong behavior stems from internal flaws instead of external reasons

denotative meaning

literal dictionary accepted definition

connotative meaning

the emotional or attitudinal response to a word

defining characteristics of comm

symbolic, shared codes, influence of culture, intentionality, channel, transactional

polysemy

verbal comm - words can have a denotative (basic meaning) and connotative (underlying) meaning

chronemics

nonverbal comm - how people communicate using time

proxemics

nonverbal comm - how we use space to communicate

paralanguage/vocalics

nonverbal comm - vocal changes, pitch and intonation

haptic

nonverbal comm - communication via touch

oculesics

nonverbal comm - communication via eye contact

kinesics

nonverbal comm - communication via body movement

kinesics types

adaptors, emblems, regulators, illustrators, affect displays

adaptors

psychological needs that relieve us or help us adapt (ex biting nails)

emblems

symbol with different meaning we understand (ex thumbs up) most purposeful

regulators

gestures that aid in the flow of the conversation (ex ‘continue’ hand motion)

illustrators

gestures to accompany speech (mannerisms)

affect displays

universal expressions that communicates affect/emotion (clenching fist when angry)

semiotics

study of signs

signifier

vehicle used to communicate; the sound of someone saying d-o-g dog (not channel/medium)

signified

the idea that is behind the message (dog is a fury cute pet animal)

referent

the actual thing we are referring too (a chihuahua)

high langauge

more formal, polite, mainstream language

low language

informal language and often involves slang

high-context cultures

culture that uses contextual clues to interpret meaning and send subtle messages

low-context cultures

culture that sees verbal directness as much more important

high power distance

respect hierarchies among members of society

low power distance

have greater tolerance of challenges to authority

cocultures

groups within whose members share some aspects of the general culture but also have their own distinct characteristics

ethnocentrism

believe your culture/group is superior to others

social exchange theory

how we balance the advantages/benefits and disadvantages/costs in our relationships

uncertainty reduction theory

partners want to decrease the uncertainty through the use of passive, active, and interactive strategies

relational dialectics theory

dialectical tensions are opposing or conflicting goals that always exist in a relationship

social penetration theory

explains how relational partners move towards intimacy through self-disclosure

schemas

mental structures that organize the reception, interpretation, and utilization of info

priming

increasing the sensitivity to a particular node in a schema

selective perception

schemas that orient or bias your attention to particular pieces of info ; can lead to confirmation bias

self concept

who you think you are

self esteem

how you feel about yourself

self efficacy

what you think you can do

high power culture

hierarchies are important for day to day life

low power culture

hierarchies are less important in day to day life

exoticization

the romanticization/infantilizing/animalizing of another culture

compromise

both parties give up something to come to agreement

collaborating

finding a solution where both parties win

blooms taxonomy - cognitive domain

knowledge based hierarchies of learning, need to satisfy lower levels to rise up

order of bloom’s taxonomy (cognitive)

knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation

blooms taxonomy - affective domain

emotionally based hierarchies of learning, need to satisfy lower levels to rise up

order of blooms taxonomy (affective)

receiving, responding, valuing, organizing, characterizing

social penetration theory

how partners move toward intimacy through self disclosure

anxious attatchment

preoccupied, lacks confidence and has wants but fears rejection

avoidant attachment

dismissive, confident and treats others in functional terms, sees themselves as better than others

order of social penetration theory

orientation (surface level)

exploratory affective exchange (social norms),

affective exchange (comfort and friendliness),

stable exchange (honesty, opness, intimacy),

core self-concept (most personal details)

communication privacy management

explains how people attempt to control the flow of personal/risky info

Karma listens attentively and takes exceptional lecture notes. According to the transactional model of communication, the notes are an example of what?

the channel

The professor's stepson is an avid fan of the game Fortnite. One day, after a rousing hour of gameplay, his stepson says to him, "Hey Bro! What are we eating tonight?" The professor laughs and says, "Bro?" The professor is finding humor in his stepson's failure to do what?

code switch

expectancy violations theory

violating communication expectations can sometimes be more effective than fulfilling them, especially when the violation is perceived as positive, leading to increased attraction or influence

Kelly is traveling to see a friend in Chicago. Thirty minutes into the flight, the person seated next to her begins disclosing incredibly personal information about their medical history and romantic difficulties. Which theoretical framework best explains the person's willingness to share this information with Kelly.

communication privacy management

Loves styles, also known as the Color Wheel Theory of Love, consists of three primary and three secondary types of love (for a total of six love styles). The love styles of mania, pragma, and agape are considered secondary for which reason

they are a combination of the primary styles

During a team project, two members have different priorities: one values efficiency, while the other prioritizes thoroughness. This is an example of which type of conflict trigger?

incompatible goals

A group project is behind schedule, and two members have a disagreement. Chris insists that the group follow their plan and refuses to adjust deadlines. Jamie, not wanting to argue, agrees to Chris’s plan even though they believe it will fail. Which conflict management strategies are being used by Chris and Jamie, respectively?

Chris = Direct Fighting

Jamie = Yielding

social penetration theory

The theory that partners move from superficial levels to greater intimacy through self-disclosure

Dee is worried about her group. She thinks they are moving too fast and overlooking other, better solutions. When she shares this concern with a group member, the group member tells Dee that she is overthinking things, the group is working well, and that this is why we can't have nice things. This is an example of what?

pressures towards uniformity

Tessa is widely recognized by her peers as an exceptional student. So much so, that her classmates often look to Tessa for advice when they are confused with the course material. According to the two-step model of communication, Tessa is a:

opinion leader

Shawn is a content producer on the livestreaming platform, Twitch, and has a large following of philosophically-oriented video game players. According to the two-step model of communication, Shawn is a:

media source

Sophia, Sydney, and Lucas are interested in developing a navigation app to help students identify more accessible routes for making their way through campus. As they are discussing the design of the app, Sophia comments that she is concerned about the complexity of the interface. Which affordance is Sophia concerned with?

sensory

hypodermic needle of comm

Presumed that the media had massive irresistible effects on audiences, injected into your veins, undifferentiated

two step model of communication

mass media messages first reach "opinion leaders" who then interpret and share them with less active media consumers ; flow is going downward high influence to little influence

the multi step model of communication

Further refined the model to understand the complex interactions that take place between opinion leaders and opinion followers

How people talk amongst each other back and forth

innovaters

active info seekers about new ideas, high risk tolerance, highly motivated

early adopters

known for good taste, influencers/celebs, trusted to discriminate the message even if they don’t produce it

early majority

low tolerance for risk but don’t want to be left behind and miss out

late majority

low tolerance for risk and typically motivated by social pressure

laggards

prefer the past and highly resistant to change, hate phones and not on social medias

social cognitive theory

We learn behavior by watching behaviors of those whom we have identified as models

affordances

the particular design characteristics and effects of a medium; physical, functional, cognitive, sensory

physical affordance

tactility, tangible nature and ergonomics of the technology

functional affordance

what you can actually do with the technology/channel

cognitive affordance

how does the design of the tech communicate its functionality (ex menu bar on tablet)

sensory affordance

how the design of the tech makes you feel communciates your emotion or feeling