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Study terms from chapters 4-6 of the textbook
Iconoclasm
The rejection or destruction of religious images or icons, often for doctrinal reasons, especially during the Byzantine Empire.
Justinian
Byzantine emperor (527-656 CE) known for codifying Roman law and attempting to restore the Roman Empire’s former territories.
Louis the Pious
The son of Charlemagne, who ruled as Holy Roman Emperor from 814 to 840, known for his efforts to maintain the unity of the empire.
Magyars
A nomadic people from Central Asia who settled in modern-day Hungary around the 9th century, frequently raiding Europe in the 10th century.
Missionaries
Individuals sent to spread their religious beliefs, often to foreign lands or among non-believers.
St. Basil
A 4th century Christian bishop who founded monastic traditions in the Eastern Orthodox Church and formulated the “Rule of St. Basil”.
St. Benedict
A 6th century Christian monk who established the Benedictine monastic order and wrote the “Rule of St. Benedict” that guided Western Monasticism.
Theme system
A Byzantine military and administrative system that decided the empire into provinces (themes) governed by military commanders responsible for defense and administration.
St. Scholastica
The twin sister of St. Benedict, traditionally recognized as the founder of female monastic communities in Western Christianity.
Theodora
Empress of the Byzantine Empire and wife of Emperor Justinian, influential in politics and social reforms, especially women’s rights.
Vikings
Scandinavian seafarers and warriors who raided, traded, and explored across Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries.
Hagia Sofia
A monumental cathedral built in Constantinopole under Emperor Justinian I, later converted into a Mosque, renowned for its massive dome and architectural grandeur.
Missi Dominici
Royal agents sent by Charlemagne to oversee local administration and ensure the enforcement of his laws across his empire.
Monasticism
A religious way of life in which individuals renounce worldly pursuits to dedicate themselves to spiritual practices, often in secluded communities.
Odoacer
A Germanic chieftain who deposed the last Roman emperor in the West in 574 CE, marking the traditional end of the Western Roman Empire.
Patriarchs
The highest-ranking bishops in early Christianity, especially in the Eastern Orthodox Church, overseeing major Christian centers like Constantinople, and Alexandria.
Pope Gregory I
A 6th century pope, also known as Gregory the Great, who reformed the Church, strengthened the papacy, and promoted missionary work across Europe.
1054 Schism
The formal split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, often referred to as the Great Schism, due to doctrinal and political disputes.
Abbasid
A dynasty that ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 CE, known for its golden age of cultural, scientific, and economic prosperity.
Chinggis Khan
The founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, who united the Mongol tribes and initiated a vast expansion across Eurasia in the early 13th century.
Ghaznavid Turks
A dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Northern India, known for promoting Islam and initiating conquests in the region during the 10th to 12th centuries.
Ilkhanate of Persia
A Mongol state established in Persia in the 13th century, part of the Mongol Empire, which blended Mongol rule with Persian culture.
Jurchen
A Tungusic people from Manchuria who established the Jin dynasty and ruled Northern China before being conquered by the Mongols.
Karakorum
The capital city of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors, located in present-day Mongolia.
Khan
A title given to Mongol and Turkic rulers, signifying supreme leadership.
Khanate of Chaghatai
A division of the Mongol Empire that ruled over Central Asia, named after Chaghatai, the second son of Genghis Khan.
Khanbaliq
The capital of the Yuan dynasty in China, established by Khubilai Khan, later known as Beijing.
Khans of the Golden Horde
The rulers of the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate that controlled much of Russia and Eastern Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Khubilai Khan
The Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan dynasty in China and expanded the Mongol Empire into East Asia.
Khwarazm Shah
The title of the rulers of the Khwarazm Empire, a Persianate dynasty in Central Asia, famously defeated by Genghis Khan.
Kumiss
A traditional fermented dairy drink made from mare’s milk, commonly consumed by the nomadic Central Asia peoples.
Manichaeism
A dualistic religion founded by the prophet Mani in the 3rd century, combining elements of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism.
Mongols
A nomadic group from Central Asia that created the largest contiguous empire in history under Genghis Khan in the 13th century.
Osman
The founder of the Ottoman Empire in the late 13th century, whose descendants would go on to establish a vast empire.
Ottoman Empire
A powerful Turkish empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to the early 20th century.
Safavid
A Persian dynasty that established Shia Islam as the state religion and ruled over Iran from the early 16th to the 18th century.
Seljuk Turks
A medieval Turkish dynasty that played a major role in the Islamic world, conquering large parts of the Middle East and fighting in the Crusades.
Shamans
Religious figures in various traditional societies who communicated with the spirit world and perform rituals for healing and guidance.
Sultan
A Muslim ruler, particularly in the context of the medieval Islamic world, holding both political and military authority.
Sultanate of Delhi
A series of Muslim dynasties that ruled Northern India from 1206-1526, establishing Islamic rule in the region.
Tamerlane
A 14th century Central Asian conqueror who sought to rebuild the Mongol Empire, establishing a vast empire stretching from Persia to India.
Temüjin
The birth name of Genghis Khan, who later united the Mongol tribes and became one of the greatest conquerors in history.
Uighurs
A Turkic ethnic group from Central Asia, historically significant as both allies of the Tang dynasty and alter as part of the Mongol Empire.
Yuan Dynasty
The Mongol dynasty established by Khubilai Khan, which ruled over China from 1271-1368.
Yurts
Portable, circular tents made of felt and wood used by the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
Age Grades
Social categories in many African societies, where individuals of a similar age are grouped together and pass through life states collectively.
Axum
An ancient kingdom located in present day Ethiopia, known for its early adoption of Christianity and extensive trade networks.
Bantu
A large group of ethnolinguistic peoples who migrated across sub-Saharan Africa, spreading agriculture, language, and ironworking.
Benin
A powerful West African kingdom known for its advanced bronze work and its involvement in the transatlantic slave trade.
Camels
Essential animals for trade and travel across the desert regions of Africa and the Middle East due to their ability to endure harsh conditions.
Gold
A highly valuable metal that was a key trade commodity in the trans-Saharan trade, particularly in West African kingdoms like Ghana and Mali.
Great Zimbabwe
A powerful medieval city and trading state in southeastern Africa, known for its impressive stone architecture.
Griots
West African storytellers, historians, and musicians who preserve oral traditions and genealogies.
Ife
An ancient Yoruba city-state in present day Nigeria, famous for this artistic achievements in bronze and terracotta sculptures.
Islamic Slave Trade
The system of slave trading across the Muslim world, involving the capture and sale of people from Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Jenne-jeno
One of the earliest urban centers in West Africa, located along the Niger river and known for its role in trade and urbanization.
Kebra Negast
An Ethiopian text that traces the origins of the Solomonic dynasty, linking Ethiopian rulers to the biblical King Soloman and the Queen of Sheba.
Kilwa
A prominent city-state on the Swahili Coast of East Africa, known for its wealth and role in the Indian Ocean trade.
Kin-based societies
Social systems in which extended families or clans form the primary units of political organization, common in many early African societies.
Kingdom of Ghana
A West African empire that flourished from the 6th-13th century, known for its wealth derived from gold trade.
Kingdom of Congo
A centralized African kingdom located in present-day Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, known for its trade relations with Europeans.
Koumbi-Saleh
The capital city of the Ghana Empire, a major trading hub in West Africa during the empire’s height.
Mali Empire
A powerful West African empire from the 13th-16th centuries, known for its wealth, extensive trade networks, and the city of Timbuktu.
Mansa Musa
A ruler of the Mali Empire, famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the immense wealth he displayed during his journey.
Sundiata
The founder of the Mali Empire, whose story is preserved in West African oral traditions as told by griots.
Swahili
A culture and language that developed along the East Africa coast, influenced by Bantu, Arab, and Persian interactions through Indian Ocean trade.
Timbuktu
A city in Mali that became a center of trade, education, and Islamic culture in medieval West Africa.
Trans-Saharan trade
The trade network that connected sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and Europe, facilitating the exchange of gold, salt, and other goods.
Zanj Revolt
A major uprising of enslaved Africans against the Abbasid Caliphate in southern Iraq during the 9th century.
Zimbabwe
A historical kingdom in southeastern Africa, centered around the city of Great Zimbabwe, known for its trade and impressive stone ruins.
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