Forensic Photography Exam 1

What is the difference between an SLR, DSLR, DSLM, and MILC camera?

• An SLR uses a mirror and prism system to allow the photographer to see through the lens

• A DSLR uses a digital version of an SLR, using a digital sensor to capture

• A DSLM or MILC does not have a mirror, and uses an electronic viewfinder to display the image

What is exposure and how is it controlled in photography?

exposure is the amount of light that reaches the camera sensor, determines the brightness. Controlled by the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO

Describe what f-stops are available for your camera lens. Describe the relationship between f-stops and depth of field.

depth of field is the range of distance in a photo that appears sharp or in focus. It affects the amount of background blur and can isolate the subject or show more context.

Describe what “ISO” settings are available on your camera is the most sensitive. And what ISO setting is recommended for Examination Quality photography.

the most sensitive ISO settings are 1600-3200 and an examination quality image has an ISO of 100.

What reciprocity between f-stops, shutter speeds, and ISO?

Reciprocity refers to the relationship between the three exposure variables. Changing one variable by one stop can be compensated by changing another variable by one stop in the opposite direction to maintain the same exposure

What is considered a “normal” lens and why?

a normal lens is a lens tha has a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the image sensor. It is considered normal because it provides a perspective similar to human vision.

What is focal length and how does it affect the perspective of an image?

distance between the lens and the image sensor when the lens is focused at infinity. Shorter focal length means wider view, and longer focal lenght means narrower view.

How does focal length effect depth of field?

longer focal length creates a shallower depth of field, meaning less of the image is in focus. shorter focal lengthcreate a deeper depth of field, meaning more image will be in focus

What is an 18% grey card and how is it used in photography?

reflects 18% of the light that falls on it, which is considered a middle gray tone. it is used to set white balance and exposure, ensuring accurate color and tones in the image

How does shutter speed affect the capture of motion in a photograph.

controls how long the sensor is exposed to light. a faster shutter speed freezes motion, while a slower shutter speed can create blur or motion trails

What are stops of light and how do they relate to exposure?

stops of light are units of measurement that describe the doubling or halving of the amount of light. They are used to adjust exposure, with one stop doubling or halving the amount of light reaching the sensor.

What are the main camera controls and how do they affect the image?

controls include aperture, shutter speed, ISO, white balance, focus mode, and shooting mode. They affect the exposure, color, focus, and overall look of the image

How should a camera be held properly and why are tripods important?

a camera should be held with both hands, one supporting the body and the other gripping the lens. Tripods are important for stabilizing the camera and preventing camera shake, especially in low light or when using slow shutter speeds

What are telephoto and zoom lenses and how do they affect images?

Telephoto lenses have a long focal length, which magnifies the subject and compresses the perspective. Zoom lenses have a variable focal length, allowing the photographer to change the magnification without changing the lenses.

What is F-stop and how does it relate to aperture and depth of field?

F-stop indicates the size of the opening in the lens that controls the amount of light entering the camera. Lower F-stop means wider opening and shallower depth of field. Higher F-stop means narrower opening and deeper depth of field

What are the inverse square laws and how do they apply to photography?

The amount of light reaching the sensor decreases rapidly as the distance from the light source increases. states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

What are the ISO numbers and how do they affect image quality?

ISO numbers indicate the sensitivity of the camera sensor to light. higher ISO numbers allow for shooting in low light but can introduce noise or grain into the image

How should a camera be cared for to ensure its longevity and optimal performance?

keep camera clean and dry, use neck strap, handle with care, regular maintenance

What are camera filters and how can they be used creatively?

Glass or plastic attachments that can be placed in front of the lens to alter the light entering the camera. They can be used to enhance colors, reduce glare, protect lens or create special effects

What is fill flash and how can it be used to improve photographs?

flash is used to illuminate shadows in a scene, even in daylight. It can be used to balance the exposure between the subject and the background

What does it mean to fill the frame in photography and why is it important?

composing the shot so that the subject takes up most of the space in the image. creating a more impactful image.

What are overall, midrange, and closeup photos and how do they differ?

overall captures the whole scene, midrange captures on a specific area or subject, closeup show a detailed view of a small part of the scene. They differ in the amount of detail and perspective

What is the difference between vision and perception in the context of photography?

Vision is the process of seeing, while perception is the way we interpret what we see

What is the vanishing point in photography and how does it affect perspective?

the vanishing point in an image is where parallel lines appear to converge, can be used to create a sense of depth and perspective in the image

Explain a few of Kodak’s ten tips for taking better photos.

use a plain background: keeps the focus on the subject and allows all details to be clearly scene without distracting the viewer

Get on the subject’s level: makes the image more impactful and aids in story telling though photos

use fill flash: illuminates shadows and makes an altogether easier to see image

What are examination quality photographs and what are they used for?

Examination quality photos are high-quality images that are used for forensic analysis or evidence documentation, must be clear, accurate, and free of distortions

What factors affect the amount of light reaching the camera sensor?

aperture, shutter speed, ISO, lens type, filters, and the intensity of the light source

What are scales and their guidelines in photography?

used to provide a reference for size and distance

What are the different digital imaging types?

JPEG, TIFF, RAW, and PNG

They differ in their compression methods and file sizes

What are some examples of comparison/analysis photos?

fingerprints, tool marks, or other evidence for side-by-side comparison

What is the difference between lossless and lossy image compression?

Lossless compression reduces size without losing image data, while lossy loses image data to achieve compression

What are pixels-per-inch and how is it determined?

the measure of image resolution, indicating the number of pixels in one inch of the image. determined by dividing the number of pixels in the image by the dimensions of the image in inches.

What is the mosaic pattern on a camera sensor?

the mosaic pattern on a camera sensor refers to the arrangement of color filters on the sensor. Bayer pattern is the most common with a grid of red, green, and blue filters

What is the Color Filter Array and how does it work?

CFA is a grid of color filters that sits on top of the camera sensor, allows the sensor to capture color information by filtering the light that reaches each pixel

What is interpolation and how does it affect image quality?

interpolation is a process used to estimate the color of missing pixels in an image. Can reduce sharpness or introduce artifacts

How do you determine the correct exposure for a given scene?

The correct exposure depends on the desired creative effect and lighting conditions.

What is the impact of using high ISO on image quality?

using high ISO can increase noise or grain in the image, reducing quality. It does allow for shooting in low light conditions without using a flash or slow shutter speed

How can you acheive a shallow depth of field in you photographs?

Lower the F-stop, longer focal length or getting closer to the subject

What is the rule of thirds and how can it be used to compose a photograph?

rule of thirds is a compositional guideline that suggest placing the subject off-center in the lines or at the intersections of the grid, thus creating a more balanced and visually interesting composition

How can you avoid camera shake when taking photos in low light conditions?

using a tripod, faster shutter speed, image stabilization, or by bracing the camera against a stable surface

What are the different types of camera lenses and what are they best suited for?

wide-angle: landscape or architecture

telephote: sports or wildlife

macro: close-up photography

zoom: versatility

prime: higher image quality

What are the basic operating modes of the typical modern digital camera?

program, aperture priority, shitter priority, and manual

How can you use natural light to your advantage in photography?

can be used to create different moods in photograhy

What are some common mistakes to avoid in photography?

not paying attention to the background, not using proper focus, not using the correct exposure, not holding the camera steady, and not composing the shot carefully

How can you edit your photos to improve their overall quality?

photo editing software can be used to adjust exposure, color, contrast, sharpness, and other aspects. Can also be used to remove unwanted elements, crop the image and apply creative effects

What are some ethical considerations to keeo in mind when taking phots?

repsecting privacy, obtaining permission, not warping reality, being mindful of the impact images have on others

How can you protect camera equipment from damage?

camera case, camera strap, lens caps, rain covers

What are some resources for learning more about photography?

Books, magazines, websites, online courses, and workshops

An aperture of f/8 allows twice as much light as f/16 to enter the camera.

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