GB1- Chapter 4

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Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

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13 Terms

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four ways carbon skeleton can vary

length

position of double bonds

branching

presence of rings

<p>length </p><p>position of double bonds </p><p>branching </p><p>presence of rings </p>
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Hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbons. hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

  • fats

<p>organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbons. hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">large amount of energy</mark></p><ul><li><p>fats</p></li></ul><p></p>
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isomers

structural isomers

cis-trans isomers

enantiomers- important in pharmaceutical industry because they may have different effects, or only one of them are biologically active. organisms are sensitive to even subtle variaitons in molecules.

ex) Ibuprofen- S is effective/ R is not

Albuterol- R is effective/ S is not

<p>structural isomers</p><p>cis-trans isomers</p><p>enantiomers- important in pharmaceutical industry because they may have different effects, or only one of them are biologically active. organisms are sensitive to even subtle variaitons in molecules.</p><p>ex) Ibuprofen- S is effective/ R is not</p><p>Albuterol- R is effective/ S is not</p>
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functional groups

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.

<p>components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. The number and arrangement of <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">functional groups </mark>give each molecule its unique properties.</p><p></p>
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Adensoine triphosphate (ATP)

has the potential to react with water = release energy that can be used by the cell

<p>has the potential to react with water = <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">release energy</mark> that can be used by the <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">cell</mark></p>
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hydroxyl group

OH

compound name: alcohol

ex) Ethanol

polar- oxygen has strong electronegativity. dissolves in water

<p>OH</p><p>compound name: alcohol </p><p>ex) Ethanol </p><p>polar- oxygen has strong electronegativity. dissolves in water </p>
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carbonyl group

C=O

compound name: Ketone- the carbonyl group is in the middle

ex) Acetone

Aldehyde- the carbonlyl group is at the end

ex) Propanal

polar- oxygen has high electronegativity

<p>C=O</p><p>compound name: Ketone- the carbonyl group is in the middle</p><p>ex) Acetone</p><p>Aldehyde- the carbonlyl group is at the end</p><p>ex) <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">Propanal</mark></p><p>polar- oxygen has high electronegativity</p>
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carboxyl group

COOH

carboxylic acid/ organic acid

  • pulls electrons away from hydrogen atom

  • H+ leaves as ion

  • acidic

<p>COOH </p><p>carboxylic acid/ organic acid </p><ul><li><p>pulls electrons away from hydrogen atom</p></li><li><p>H+ leaves as ion </p></li><li><p>acidic </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Amino group

NH2

Compound Name: Amine

  • picks up H+ from the surrounding solution

  • acts as a base

<p>NH2</p><p>Compound Name: Amine </p><ul><li><p>picks up H+ from the surrounding solution </p></li><li><p>acts as a base </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Sulfhydryl

SH

Compound name: Thiol

Two SH groups can react, forming a crosslink that stabilizes the structure of many proteins

<p>SH</p><p>Compound name: <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">Thiol</mark></p><p>Two SH groups can react, forming a crosslink that stabilizes the structure of many proteins</p>
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Phosphate group

OPO3 2-

Compound name: Organic phosphate

  • oxygen attracts electrons and loses H+

  • acts as an acid

  • important in the transfer of energy between organic molecules

  • important in ATP

<p>OPO3 2-</p><p>Compound name: <mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">Organic phosphate</mark></p><ul><li><p><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">oxygen attracts electrons and loses H+</mark></p></li><li><p><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">acts as an acid</mark></p></li><li><p>important in the transfer of energy between organic molecules</p></li><li><p>important in ATP</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Methyl group

CH3

Compound name: Methylated compound

<p>CH3</p><p>Compound name: Methylated compound</p>
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steriods

deriviatives of cholestrol with a common carbon skeleton

Estradiol- HO

Testosterone- =O and CH3