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A couple originally from Iceland who settled in about 1000 in Greenland and then Canada and later returned to Iceland.
Gudrid and Thorfinn Karlsefni
Eastern half of the Roman Empire after the loss of thee Western half in 476. Sometimes simply calls Byzantium.
Byzantine Empire
Plague eroded urban life/trade, forced people to take up subsistence farming, and weakened the army which lost territory to the Sasanians and Abbasids.
What events caused the urban society of the Byzantines to decline and resulted in the loss of so much territory to the Sassanian and Abbasid empires?
War-band leaders provided for their followers who gave leaders their loyalty.
What was the war-band of traditional Germanic-speaking society? How did the political structures of the Merovingians and the Carolingians reflect their origins in the war-band?
The Germanic Scandinavians traveled by longboat, first to England and Ireland in the 790s, Iceland in 870, Greenland in 980, and finally the Atlantic coast of Canada around 1000. These migrations occurred while other Germanic peoples settled in France and Germany. They were searching for more farm land.
When, where, how, and why did the Scandinavians go on their voyages, and what was the significance of those voyages?
Before 970, Rus traders paid taxes to the Jewish Khazars and Muslim Volga Bulgars. After 970, the Rus formed the Kievan state, whose ruler Prince Vladimir converted to Eastern Orthodoxy.
What were the earliest states to form in the area that is now Russia, and what role did the religion play in their establishment and development?
All were based on the traditional war-band, adopted Christianity, wergeld-based legal systems.
What did all the new states have in common?
In the 400s and the 500s, the highest-ranking bishop of the four major Christian church centers at Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch.
Patriarchs
In the 400s and 500s, the pope was the highest-ranking bishop in Rome, and by the 1000, the pope was recognized as the leader of the Catholic Church in Rome.
Pope
Consisting of the Code, the Digest, and the Institutes, this compendium preserved the core of Roman law for succeeding ages.
Justinian Corpus of Civil Law
Refers to two distinct illnesses, bubonic plague and the almost always fatal pneumonic plague, forming two phases of an outbreak.
Plague
Members of a movement calling for the destruction of images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints because they were believed to violate the Second Commandment of the Hebrew Bible.
Iconoclasts
The homeland of the Franks, including much of modern-day France, Germany, and the land in between.
Frankish Kingdom
Literally "man-payment" an important legal concept that set the monetary value of a human life. The function of wergeld payments was to prevent an endless cycle of killing and counter-killing among feuding families.
Wergeld
The most important social unit among Germanic-speaking peoples. in times of war, carries formed bands behind a leader, who gave them horses, armor, a place to live, and a share of plunder.
War-bands
A Frankish dynasty in modern day France and Germany whose founder, Clovis, converted to Christianity and ruled as a war-band leader.
Merovingian Dynasty
An important aristocratic family that overthrew the Merovingian rulers in 751. Their most powerful ruler was Charlemagne. After his death, the empire split into three sections, each under a different Carolingian ruler.
Carolingian dynasty
Term used for those Scandinavians who left home to loot coastal towns who were most active between 793 and 1066.
Viking
Boat used by the vikings to make raids; made of wood and equipped with both oars and sails, they were the fastest mode of transport before 1000.
Longboat
Region including much of northern and eastern England, over which the Scandinavians maintained tenuous control between 866 and 954.
Daneclaw
Term for Erik the Red's Saga and The Greenlanders' Saga, composed on Old Norse, that recount events around the year 1000. Both were written down between 1200 and 1400.
The Vinland Sages
The first European to sail to the Americas, most likely sometime in the 990s.
Bjarni Herjolfsson
The Amerindians living on the coast of Canada and possibly northern Maine, where the Scandinavians established temporary settlements.
Skraelings
Name given to themselves by people who lived in the region stretching from the Arctic to the north shore of the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea.
Rus
The people, who around 500, occupied much of the lower Danube River Valley near the Black Sea. They moved both and east for the next year and enlarged the area where their language, and ancestor of Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, and Czech, was spoken.
Slavs
A new state the began as a trading post on the Dnieper River and evolved into a principality around 900.
Principality of Kiev
