NUTR2320 EXAM1

They are substrates for cellular energy

Which statement is true about macronutrients?

They include vitamins, minerals, and water

They are substrates for cellular energy

They are found in plant foods but not animal foods.

They are unhealthy

All the above

It measures nitrogen in food

Which statement is false about the bomb calorimeter?

It measures nitrogen in food

It measures heat released from the combustion of food.

It measures the caloric density of food

All the above

All fatty acids metabolized to energy provide 9 Calories per gram.

Which statement is true about the energy value of nutrients?

All carbohydrates provide 4 Calories per gram

All nitrogenous compounds are energy producing

All fatty acids metabolized to energy provide 9 Calories per gram

All of the above

None of the above

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

The ultimate fuel used in the body is a chemical called:

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

Lactic acid

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate

Insulin

Glycogen

What is the storage form of carbohydrate in humans and animals?

Glycogen

Glucose

Mannose

Cellulose

Lactose

Maltose

Which simple sugar is commonly formed from the hydrolysis of starch?

Lactose

Fructose

Galactose

Levulose

Maltose

Glucose

Which is the form of sugar normally found in the bloodstream?

Glycogen

Sucrose

Glucose

Mannose

Fructose

Soluble fibers

Which carbohydrate substance is best known to be able to decrease blood lipid levels when consumed consistently in the diet?

Simple sugars

Oligosaccharides

Soluble fibers

Alcohol

All the above

Pectins, gums, and algal polysaccharides

Which carbohydrate substances are commonly used in processed food as stabilizing agents?

Sucrose, Fructose, and galactose

Pectins, gums, and algal polysaccharides

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Inulin, stachyose, and raffinose

All the above

Most hexose and pentose carbohydrate structures found in nature are used for energy by humans.

Which of the following statements is false regarding carbohydrates?

Most hexose and pentose carbohydrate structures found in nature are used for energy by humans.

Glucose and cornstarch is modified to fructose to produce the food additive high fructose corn syrup.

Starch formed by plants is usually packaged as granules and encased with cellulose.

Inulin, stachyose, and raffinose are oligosaccharides.

All the above.

Linoleic acid (omega-6)

Which of these is an essential fatty acid?

Stearic acid

Palmitic acid

Linoleic acid

Docosahexanoic acid

All of the above

Which of these is an omega-3 fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid

Eicosapentanoic acid

Docosahexanoic acid

All of the above

The hydrogens are on opposite sides of the carbon chain

In a trans-fatty acid,

The hydrogens are on opposite sides of the carbon chain

The hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon chain

There are no double bonds

There is a health benefit

Converts liquid fats to more solid fats

Hydrogenation

Converts liquid fats to more solid fats

Produces cis-fatty acids

Is a process that commonly occurs inside liver cells

Is used to produce liquid corn oil Is used to make modified food starch

Glycolipids

Cerebrosides are

Glycolipids

Steroids

Waxes

Phospholipids

Triglycerides

Cholesterol

Which of the following is the chemical basis for steroid derivatives?

Lecithin

Glucose

Cholesterol

Sphingmyelin

Choline

Palmitic (Stearic, also an LCFA, is nonatherogenic)

Which of the following fatty acids is long chain and atherogenic?

Pentanoic

Oleic

Palmitic

Stearic

All the above

It is a C18:1

Which of the following is true about oleic acid?

It is a PUFA

It is unhealthy

It is a trans fatty acid

It is found at high levels in animal fat

It is a C18:1

False

All types of fatty acids are metabolized to hormone-like mediators that send inflammatory signals to body cells.

True

False

False

Gangliosides are derived from cholesterol.

True

False

Protein synthesis

Amino acids can be used directly for:

Hyrdogenation

Cell membranes

Protein synthesis

Fructooligosaccharides

All the above

True

Grains and legumes provide an excellent combination for protein complementation.

True

False

Three dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain

Which of the following statements best describes a tertiary protein structure?

Linear

Amino acid chain

Three dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain

Several proteins attached together

4

Proteins and amino acids, although used primarily for tissue building, repair and maintenance, can provide _______ Calories per gram.

0

2

4

7

9

All of the above

The quality of a protein is based upon its

Amino acid composition

Digestibility

Ability to support growth

All of the above

None of the above

Eggs (97%)

Protein from _______ would be the most digestible.

Legumes

Rice

Eggs

Oats

Fish

Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score

The official measure of protein quality in humans is the

Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score

Limiting Amino Acid Score

Net Protein Utilization Score

Transamination Score

Animal Activity Score

All of the above

Proteins function in the human body to support

Growth

Tissue repair

Immunity

Nutrient transport

All of the above

Nitrogen

The deamination of proteins results in the loss of:

Fatty acids

Nitrogen

Ketones

Carbon

All of the above

Acetoacetate

Which of the following is a ketone?

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate

Acetoacetate

Eicosapentanoic Acid

Lecithin

The study of how nutrients, food components, genes, proteins, metabolism, and disease are connected

Which statement best describes nutrigenomics?

The study of nutrients that affect gene expression

The study of gene sequences

The study of how nutrients, food components, genes, proteins, metabolism, and disease are connected.

The study of genotypes and phenotypes

The study of polymorphisms.

Polygenetic

Which term best applies to chronic diseases and nutrigenomics?

Transcribed

Mitochondria

Transgenic

Polygenetic

Recombinant

A global role for genes

Which statement best describes a genomics?

The expression of a gene

A person's unique genetic make-up

The manipulation of gene sequence

A global role for genes

Physical characteristics

Upstream response elements; nutrients binding to transcription factors

The expression of a gene is usually controlled by ______________ and _________________.

Upstream response elements; nutrients binding to transcription factors

Downstream introns, minerals binding to the TATA box

Mainstream exons. RNA polymerase

Cross-stream regulatory currents, ATP

Counter current mediatory elements, vitamins uncoiling DNA

True

An allele is a different gene form while a polymorphism is an allele at a population level.

True

False

Down Syndrome

All of the following disease states are linked to nutrition and gene interactions except:

Heart disease

Cancer

Diabetes

Osteoporosis

Down Syndrome

Vitamin C

Which of the following nutrients has not been shown to have nuclear receptors and directly affect gene expression?

None of the above

Vitamin D

Vitamin C

All of the above

Prader-Willi is a genetic syndrome leading to overeating and obesity

Which of the following is a genetic disease at the chromosomal level?

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Galactosemia

Phenylketonuria

Prader-Willi is a genetic syndrome leading to overeating and obesity

Maple syrup disease

All of the above

Which of the following is a genetic disease with nutritional implication at the molecular level?

Tyrosinemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Galactosemia

Phenylketonuria

All of the above

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Which of the following is a condition resulting from a mutation in a biosynthetic pathway?

Prader-Willi syndrome

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Galactosemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

All of the above

glucogenic amino acids

When carbohydrate intake is limited, the fastest way to generate gluocse internally is from:

short chain fatty acids

cortisol

glucogenic amino acids

insulin

None of the above

Genes coding for enzymes involved in iron metabolism are directly linked to neural tube defects

Which of the following is false regarding nutrigenomics:

Familiar hypercholesterolemia is primarily an autosomal dominant inherited disorder.

Steroid regulatory element binding proteins affect the genetic expression and thus synthesis of many fat soluble substances.

Some mutations have little negative effects on human health.

Genes coding for enzymes involved in iron metabolism are directly linked to neural tube defects.

Tyrosemia is a genetic disease occurring at the molecular level with nutritional implications

Glycogen, Adenosine triphosphate

The preferred fuel of the body can be generated from ____ and is ____.

Sucrose, folate trap

Linolenic acid, phase II liver detoxification

Stachyose, adenosine diphosphate

Arginine, creatine phosphate

Glycogen, Adenosine triphosphate

Olive oil

For health promotion purposes, the intake of __________ as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids should be emphasized.

Animal fats

Borage oil

Coconut oil

Olive oil

Fatty fish

Eicosapentaenoic acid (Not an EFA; the body produces it)

All of the following nutrients have a dietary recommendation established except:

Methionine

Linoleic acid

Protein

Dietary fiber

Eicosapentaenoic acid

niacin

*Amino acids can chemically contain all of the following except:

a methyl group (CH3)

an acid group (COOH)

sulfur

niacin

Isoprenoids

___________ is a lipid substance used to make fat soluble vitamins

Phospholipids

Sphingolipids

Isoprenoids

MCT oils

Lipoproteins

Dietary fibers are indigestible by human enzymes

Which of the following statements is true concerning fiber?

Amylose is a dietary fiber type

There is no DRI for fiber

Dietary fibers are indigestible by human enzymes

Fiber is not associated with health or disease

All of the above.

The polygenetic nature of diseases and preferences

(Choose the best answer), The field of nutrigenomics is largely complex due to:

Personal food preferences.

Food processing.

The polygenetic nature of diseases and preferences.

The biochemistry of nutrition.

The genetic code.

Deamination of protein results in the loss of the chemical acid group

Which of the following statements is false regarding protein?

Protein is used for maintenance of lean body mass.

Deamination of protein results in the loss of the chemical acid group.

The secondary structure of a protein does not affect it's quality.

Amino acids are connected together by peptide bonds to make proteins.

A diet high in protein and fat can promote ketosis.

Inadequate protein intake causes kwashiorkor

Fumerate is a metabolic fate of some amino acids.

Maltose

__________ is a disaccharide.

Dextrose

Fructose

Maltose

Glucose

Lignin

A person's genetic make-up

Which of the following statements best describes a genotype?

Nutrients that turn on and off gene expression.

DNA transcription and RNA translation.

Gene expression resulting in physically manifested characteristics.

A person's genetic make-up.

All of the above

Oleic acid is an essential fatty acid

Which of the following statements is false regarding dietary fats?

Oleic acid is an essential fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acids are less atherogenic than saturated fatty acids.

Flax seeds provide an excellent source of alpha-linoleic acid.

C18:0 represents the nomenclature of a long chain saturated fatty acid

Eicosanoids are hormone like chemical mediators produced from fatty acids.

None of the above

An oligosaccharide can best be described as:

A sugar alcohol.

A rare caloric carbohydrate.

A modified food starch.

A long chain polysaccharide.

None of the above.

Combining soybeans with vegetables is an example of complementation

Which of the following statements is true regarding protein?

A limiting amino acid is the basic amino acid in the least amount in the protein

The dietary reference intake value for protein is 2.0 g/kg/day for adults.

Combining soybeans with vegetables is an example of complementation.

Proteins that have been synthesized have one metabolic fate, deamination and excretion.

Animal and plant proteins are both highly digestibile.

Fish is an incomplete protein source

The number of double bonds in the carbon chain

For the fatty acid C22:5n3,.... the 5 refers to:

The number of hydrogens in the compound

The number of double bonds in the carbon chain

The carbon from the methyl (CH3) end that the first unsaturated bond occurs

The carbon from the distal (COOH) end that the unsaturated bond occurs

Malic acid is a derivative from over-ripe fruit

Which of the following statements is true regarding carbohydrates?

Malic acid is a derivative from over-ripe fruit

Agave nectar is nutrient dense and provides complex carbohydrates

Grains provide simple carbohydrates

Dietary fiber fuels the body

Muscle meat provides carbohydrates

the relationship between food, food components, and genetics

Nutrigenomics can be described as:

the relationship between food, food components, and genetics.

a polymorphism

a well developed field of nutrition science and diet prescription

A science tied to all human diseases and conditions

The study of how DNA sequences are turned into functional proteins.

True

A child has a 50% chance of being heterozygous (Dd) for a specific trait if both biological parents are heterozygous (Dd) for that trait.

True

False

Cerebrosides

Which of the following fat soluble substances contains galactose?

Trans fatty acids

Bile

Cerebrosides

Vitamin D

Eicosanoids