PTCB #4 - Dosage Forms and Compounding

What is a dosage form?

A dosage form is a system or device for delivering a drug to a biologic system.

There are 6 dosage forms: solid, liquid, solution, dispersion, inhalant, and transdermal products.

What are the advantages of solid dosage form?

Easy to package, transport, store, and dispense.

Convenient for self-medication

Lack of smell or taste

Extremely stable for products that are not stable in liquid form

Pre-divided dosage form

Suited for sustained

What are the disadvantages of solid dosage form?

Certain solid-formed medications may cause gastrointestinal distress.

Harder to swallow than a liquid dosage form.

What are the examples of solid dosage form?

Tablet, capsule, pill, powder, suppository

Which type of solid dosage form is contained in a gelatin shell?

Capsule

Which type of solid dosage form may be prepared by either compressing or molding?

Tablet

How to prepare solid drug in liquid vehicle?

Weigh solid and measure solvent, then triturate drug if needed and dissolve in solvent.

What are the advantages of liquid dosage form?

Effective more quickly than a solid dosage.

Easy to swallow.

Convenience for administration when drugs may be available only in liquid form.

Uniformity and flexibility of dosage form.

What are the disadvantages of liquid dosage form?

Deterioration and loss of potency occur more quickly than a solid dosage form.

Requires special sweetening or flavoring to be palatable.

Incompatibilities of dissolved substances.

Requires preservatives to prevent bacteria or mold from developing

Inaccurate measuring of a dose may occur

Bulkier to carry than solid dosage forms

Interactions may develop from changes in solubility.

How to prepare liquid drug in liquid vehicle?

Measure quantities of each liquid in a graduated cylinder. Add drug to vehicle slowly, then shake and stir.

What is solution dosage form?

Solutions contain a solute that is dissolved in a solvent. They may be aqueous, alcoholic, or hydroalcoholic.

What are the examples of solution dosage form?

Elixir, syrup, liniment, enema, collodion

Which type of solution is a clear, sweetened, flavored hydroalcoholic containing water and alcohol?

Elixir

Which type of solution is a topical dosage form containing pyroxylin and is dissolved in alcohol and ether?

Collodion

Which type of solution is an aqueous solution containing sucrose (sugar) or sucrose substitute?

Syrup

What is dispersion dosage form?

A dispersion consists of a solute dispersed through a dispersing vehicle.

What are the examples of dispersion dosage form?

Gel, lotion, suspension, emulsion, ointment, paste, creams

How many phases are in a suspension (a type of dispersion dosage form)?

2 phases

Which type of dispersion is either water in oil or oil in water?

Emulsion

Which type of dispersion is similar to an ointment but contains more solid materials?

Paste

What is inhalant dosage form?

Inhalants are gases, vapors, solutions, or suspensions intended to be inhaled either orally or intranasally.

What are the examples of inhalant dosage form?

Aerosol, spray

What are the examples of sustained-release dosage forms?

Controlled action, depot, repository

What are the characteristics of an absorption base?

Greasy, occlusive, difficult to spread, non-washable, anhydrous

Ex: Aquaphor

What are the characteristics of an oleaginous base?

Greasy, occlusive, difficult to spread, non-washable, anhydrous

Ex: White petrolatum

What are the characteristics of a water-oil emulsion base?

Greasy, sometimes occlusive, easy to spread, non-washable, hydrous

Ex: Eucerin, Hydrous lanolin

What are the characteristics of an oil-water base?

Nongreasy, no occlusive, easy to spread, washable, hydrous

Ex: Hydrophilic oinment

What are the characteristics of a water-miscible base?

Nongreasy, no occlusive, easy to spread, washable, hydrous

Ex: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

What is the process of mixing a liquid and powder to form a suspension or solution?

Reconstitution

What is the process of mixing 2 ingredients of unequal quantities?

Geometric dilution

What is the process of combining substances with a spatula?

Spatulation

What is the act of combining 2 ingredients?

Blending

What is process of reducing the particle size during the preparation of an ointment?

Levigation

What is the process of reducing the particle size and mixing one powder with another?

Trituration

What type of substance is composed of 50% dextrose, 20% fat, and 10% amino acid?

Total parenteral nutrition

What type of substance is composed of 25% dextrose, 10% fat, 10% amino acid?

Peripheral parenteral nutrition