Lesson 2.2. Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

smallest unit of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

functional group and number of carbons

Monosaccharides are classified by:

penultimate carbon

The D- or L-isomerism depends on the _____________________________

Crystalline, water-soluble, and sweet

Characteristics of Monosaccharides:

3 to 9 carbons

Monosaccharides usually contain:

hexoses

The most important monosaccharides are:

Glucose

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Intermediate products of photosynthesis

dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar, physiologic sugar

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• synonyms of Glucose

being monitored in diabetic patients

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Glucose is also known as blood sugar because it is the one ______________________.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Glucose is sourced from the:

reducing

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Glucose is a a._________ sugar.

• In Benedict’s Test, it will yield a b.__________ color due to the reduction of c.________ to d.____________.

a = ?

brick red

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Glucose is a a._________ sugar.

• In Benedict’s Test, it will yield a b.__________ color due to the reduction of c.________ to d.____________.

b = ?

cupric ion

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Glucose is a a._________ sugar.

• In Benedict’s Test, it will yield a b.__________ color due to the reduction of c.________ to d.____________.

c = ?

cuprous oxide

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Glucose is a a._________ sugar.

• In Benedict’s Test, it will yield a b.__________ color due to the reduction of c.________ to d.____________.

d = ?

sweetening agent

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Typical Use of Glucose

Liquid Glucose

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• thick syrupy liquid from incomplete hydrolysis of starch due to amylase

cough syrup and vitamins

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• Liquid Glucose is used as a sweetener in a _______________________

Calcium Gluconate

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• used as an electrolyte replenisher

High Potassium Levels and Magnesium Toxicity

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• Calcium Gluconate is used to treat:

Calcium Gluceptate and Levulinate

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• calcium sources from 7C and 5C glucose derivatives

hypocalcemia

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• Calcium Gluceptate and Levulinate is used to treat ________________.

Ferrous Gluconate

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• hematinic

iron deficiency anemia

GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES:

• Ferrous Gluconate is used to treat _________________________.

Levulose and Fruit Sugar

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Synonyms of Fructose

Table Sugar

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose is a primary component of _____________________.

fruits and honey

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Sources of Fructose include a._________________ and hydrolysis of a polysaccharide known as b.___________________.

a = ?

inulin (fructan)

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Sources of Fructose include a._________________ and hydrolysis of a polysaccharide known as b.___________________.

b = ?

ketohexose

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose is a a._____________.

• In nature it is in a b.____________________.

• But when it is isolated, it is in a c.________________________.

a = ?

furanose form

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose is a a._____________.

• In nature it is in a b.____________________.

• But when it is isolated, it is in a c.________________________.

b = ?

crystalline form as pyranose

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose is a a._____________.

• In nature it is in a b.____________________.

• But when it is isolated, it is in a c.________________________.

c = ?

glucose

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose are sourced from the isomerization of a.____________ by b._____________ through the enzyme c._______________________.

a = ?

Streptomyces

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose are sourced from the isomerization of a.____________ by b._____________ through the enzyme c._______________________.

b = ?

glucose isomerase

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose are sourced from the isomerization of a.____________ by b._____________ through the enzyme c._______________________.

c = ?

diabetic patients

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Uses of fructose include:

1. Food for ____________________

2. Most Important Use: For ________________________

3. For Fructose _________________

1 = ?

infant feeding

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Uses of fructose include:

1. Food for ____________________

2. Most Important Use: For ________________________

3. For Fructose _________________

2 = ?

injection

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Uses of fructose include:

1. Food for ____________________

2. Most Important Use: For ________________________

3. For Fructose _________________

3 = ?

sweetest monosaccharide

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Fructose is known as the _______________________________________

aldose (C4 epimer of glucose)

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• The chemical nature of Galactose is an ____________________

milk

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Sources of Galactose:

1. as lactose

2. as galactoceramides

1 = ?

neuronal fibers

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Sources of Galactose:

1. as lactose

2. as galactoceramides

2 = ?

glucose

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Galactose is convertible a.___________________ in the human body as it enters b._________________________ after c.__________.

a = ?

glycolysis

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Galactose is convertible a.___________________ in the human body as it enters b._________________________ after c.__________.

b = ?

4 steps

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Galactose is convertible a.___________________ in the human body as it enters b._________________________ after c.__________.

c = ?

Wood Sugar

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• Xylose is also known as a ____________________ because it is sourced from xylem.

Aldopentose

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• The chemical nature of xylose is ______________________

corn cobs

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Sources of Xylose

1. Boiled __________

2. ______

3. heartwood of ________________________________________

4. other materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze its polymer form _____

1 = ?

straw

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Sources of Xylose

1. Boiled __________

2. ______

3. heartwood of ________________________________________

4. other materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze its polymer form _____

2 = ?

deciduous trees (trees that shed their leaves annually)

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Sources of Xylose

1. Boiled __________

2. ______

3. heartwood of ________________________________________

4. other materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze its polymer form _____

3 = ?

xylan

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Sources of Xylose

1. Boiled __________

2. ______

3. heartwood of ________________________________________

4. other materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze its polymer form _____

4 = ?

poly(B--d-xylopyranose[1—>4])

MONOSACCHARIDE:

• chemical name of xylose

sweetener

MONOSACCHARIDE:

Uses of Xylose:

1. ______________

2. for __________ production

3. source of __________ which is a sugar alcohol for diabetic patients

4. diagnostic aid in conditions with _______________________________

1 = ?

ethanol

Uses of Xylose:

1. ______________

2. for __________ production

3. source of __________ which is a sugar alcohol for diabetic patients

4. diagnostic aid in conditions with _______________________________

2 = ?

xylitol

Uses of Xylose:

1. ______________

2. for __________ production

3. source of __________ which is a sugar alcohol for diabetic patients

4. diagnostic aid in conditions with _______________________________

3 = ?

intestinal malabsorption (ex: Crohn’s Disease, Celiac Disease)

Uses of Xylose:

1. ______________

2. for __________ production

3. source of __________ which is a sugar alcohol for diabetic patients

4. diagnostic aid in conditions with _______________________________

4 = ?