Chemistry Notes: Matter, Changes, Properties, Substances, Mixtures, and Systems

Flashcards covering key concepts from Page 1-2 notes for quick review.

What is chemistry?

The study of matter.

What is mass?

The amount of matter a substance has.

What is matter?

That which has mass and volume.

What is a chemical change?

Changes that alter the molecular structure/identity of a substance (e.g., burning wood, rusting, baking soda + vinegar).

What is a physical change?

Changes that do not alter the molecular structure/identity of a substance (e.g., ice to water; cutting paper).

What is a chemical property?

Properties discovered when attempting to change the substance’s identity (e.g., flammability, reactivity to water, rustability).

What is a physical property?

Properties that can be found without changing the substance’s identity (e.g., shape, color, density, size).

What is an intensive property?

Physical properties that don’t change based on the amount (e.g., density, conductivity, malleability).

What is an extensive property?

Physical properties that change based on the amount (e.g., mass, volume, boiling point).

Which physical properties depend upon a change of state in the material?

Density, melting point, boiling point, freezing point.

What is a pure substance?

A homogeneous substance that can’t be separated by physical means and does not retain unique properties.

What are elements?

The barest form of matter; cannot be broken down by chemical means (examples: hydrogen, oxygen).

What are compounds?

Can be broken down by chemical means; made of two or more chemically bonded elements (e.g., CO2, H2O).

What are mixtures?

Not homogeneous; can be broken down through physical means; retains its unique properties.

What does homogeneous mean?

Uniform.

Give examples of homogeneous mixtures.

Salt water, air.

What does heterogeneous mean?

Not uniform.

Give examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

Salad, candy mix.

What is a model?

A pattern, plan, diagram, or representation used to explain a phenomenon.

What is one purpose of multi-scale modeling?

Understand systems at different scales.

What is another purpose of multi-scale modeling?

Develop solutions to complex problems.

What is another purpose of multi-scale modeling?

Track changes in several variables over time.

What is a system?

A set of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent parts treated as a whole for study; defined by a boundary.

What is an isolated system?

Exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings (e.g., a thermos).

What is a closed system?

Exchanges energy but not matter (e.g., a closed water bottle).

What is a constraint?

The limits in achieving the criteria, the 'must-do' (e.g., cost, safety).

What is a criterion?

What the solution aims to achieve, the 'should do' (e.g., color, eco-friendly).

What is delimiting?

Determining the limits.

What is a boundary?

A real or imaginary surface that separates a chosen system from its surroundings.

What is energy?

The capacity to change matter.