Intercultural Communication Exam 1 NVCC CST 229

Mastering (Sensing-Thinking) Learners

tend to be realistic, practical, and matter-of-fact. They are efficient and results oriented, preferring activity to words and participation to theory

Religion as Worldview

all societies have spiritual beliefs and practices (generally referred to as religion).

Secularism as worldview

A historical idea of secularism has been a part of the human experience for as long as people have been concerned with questions about the meaning of life and explanations about death.

Spirituality as worldview

•Differentiates 'faith' from 'religion' or 'religious doctrine'

•Individually felt and expressed

•Self-discovery and focus on the sacred

uncertainty avoidance

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

power distance

a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power

Individulism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

high-context culture

people rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when communicating with others

linear model of communication

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message

culture specific skills

The use of specific skills that have been shown to be useful or effective in working with specific cultural groups.

intercultural empathy

imaginatively placing yourself in another person's cultural world and attempting to experience what he or she is experiencing

practice listening

Read up on

cultural identity

a feeling of belonging to a group that shares the same culture, or way of life

identity negotiation

refers to the processes through which people reach agreements regarding "who is who" in their relationships. Once these agreements are reached, people are expected to remain faithful to the identities they have agreed to assume. The process of identity negotiation thus establishes what people can expect of one another. Identity negotiation thus provides the interpersonal "glue" that holds relationships together.

Cultural Sensitivity

being aware that cultural differences exist and have an effect on values, learning, and behavior.

attribution error

error made in attributing the causes for someone's behavior to their membership in a particular group, such as a racial group

social identity

the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category

gender identity

the individual's sense of being male or female

Ethnicity

ethnic identity is derived from a sense of shared heritage, history, traditions, values, similar behaviors, area of origin, and in some instances language"

ethnic identity

the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership

regional identity

identification with a specific geographic region of a nation

Organizational identity

Employees' feelings of oneness with the organization and its goals.

personal identity

a distinct sense of self including personally defined attributes. and how we are a part of our larger society.

Minority Identity Development

focuses on racial and ethnic identities but may also apply to other identities such as class, gender, or sexual orientation

Majority Identity Development

the development of a sense of belonging to a dominant group

semantic noise

distractions aroused by certain word choices that take our attention away from the main message

physical noise

external noise that makes a message difficult to hear or otherwise receive

self-concept

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

literal listening

listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relationship level of meaning

cognitive conflict

n which two or more people become aware that their thought processes or perceptions are incongruent.

Constructive vs. destructive anger

intensity, duration differentiate the two

Beliefs

specific ideas that people hold to be true

Values

What individuals or cultures think of as important in life, as having meaning, or as being desirable. Right and wrong, good and bad

Norms

Outward behavior based on values

cultural values

1. Masculinity/Femininity

2. Uncertainty Avoidance

3. Power Distance

4. Collectiveism/Individualism

low-context culture

a culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally

physiological noise

biological influences on reception of message

Phychological noise

mental interference in speaker or listener and includes preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed-mindedness, and extreme emotionalism

Ethics

The moral demention the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Sterotyping

the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

a theory suggesting that people are motivated to reduce their uncertainty about others

implicit personality theory

a system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics. We are more likely to act or communicate in a certain way when we "fit into" a mold of a larger makeup.

self-fulling prophecies

acting in a way that other people expect us to act

Perceptions

Perception is the means by which we make sense of our physical and social world.

Elderspeak

a style of communication used with an older person who seems to be physically impaired, involving speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerated pronunciation, as if talking to a baby

Communication is symbolic

symbols, verbal or nonverbal are the basis of language

communication is Interpretive

influenced by one's experiences, needs, wants, values, beliefs, expectations, physical and emotional states, etc. One's rules, schemata, scripts, and gender influence interpretation

Communication is transactional

simultaneous sending and receiving messages

-explains how people can be both speaker and listener

Communication is Contextual

____ is the setting in which communication encounters occur, including what precedes and follows what is said. _____ include the physical, social, historical, psychological, and cultural circumstances that surround a communication episode.

communication involves shared meanings

Meanings include the thoughts in one person's mind as well as interpretations one makes of another's message.

Communication as action

The communication as action model makes us think of communication as a one- way process. from the sender to the receiver.The action model starts with a source.To convey the idea, the sender encodes it by putting the idea into the form of language or a gesture.

Communication as interaction

the interaction model is characterized by sender to receiver and this time feedback from the receiver.

Communication as transaction

Unlike the action and interaction models, the transaction model of communica- tion does not distinguish between the roles of source and receiver. Not only does the transaction model reflect the complex nature of communication, but it also leads us to think about context. It suggests that communication is affected not only by the physical or psychological environment, but also by our culture, experience, gender, and social class. In the transaction model, there is simultaneous exchange of messages and meaning through the back and forth process. Instead of communication or two- way interaction, the roles of sender and receiver are interchangeable. The sender can become the receiver, and the receiver can become the sender.

Components of the Perception Process

Three components are involved in interpretation of reality: the attributive, the expectative, and the affective. The attributive component consists of those characteristics we attribute to the person or object or event. The expectative component consists of the expectations we have of the things we perceive.The feelings about and people we perceive are the affective component of perception.

physical context

A communication encounter's location, environmental conditions (temperature, lighting, noise level) distance between communicators, seating arrangements and time of day.

temporal context of communication

time of day, time of history in which communication happens as well as how the message fits into the sequence of communication events

social psychological context

the social context is the expectations about behaviors within specific settings

cultural context of communication

both sender and receiver's cultures, including beliefs, values, way of behaving that are shared by a group of people and passed down through generations

learning preferences

Preferred ways of studying and learning, such as using pictures instead of text, working with other people versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructured situations, and so on.

cultural bias

Cultural bias is the phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture.

Listening Preferences

1. People-Oriented

2. Action-Oriented

3. Content-Oriented

4. Time-Oriented

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Interdependence

Mutual dependence between things

Traditional Knowledge

is characterized as based on experience, tested over centuries of use, adapted to local culture and environments, dynamic, and subject to change.

Epistemology

BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT EXAMINES THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

the systesmatic study of thought,

factual knowledge

knowledge about events that have actually occurred or things that have been verified as true

Cultural Resume

Summary of a culture

communication in families

family communication standards encourage behaviors that are associated with satisfying relationships, such as being open or supportive and holding such standards with greater relationship satisfaction. Family is essential to understand, as it serves a component of nourishment in developing self-concept and identity. First relationship.

forms of family

nuclear, extended

Functions of the family

1. Reproduction

2. Teaching economic Values

3. Socialization

4. Teaching core values and Worldview

5. Identity Development

6. Communication Training

Family roles

parts individuals play in repetitive family interaction patterns

family rituals

traditions, reinforce family values, provide belonging, unique rituals, promote communication

Family stories

Sense of history; What family expects of one another; Connection with different generations.

family secrets

Family secrets are what families consider private and not appropriate for sharing with outsiders, such as:

Religious practices

Health and legal issues

Family conflicts

Financial matters

FIRO model

aids in understanding and predicting how high-performance teams would work together (inclusion, control, and openness)

Inclusion

our need to be with others and our need for social contact. We like to feel that others accept and value us, and we want to feel like a full partner in a relationship

control

our need to feel that we are capable and responsible, and that we are able to deal with and manage our environment.We also like to feel we can influence others. Control deals with our need to establish and maintain satisfactory levels of influence and power in our relationships

Openess

part of fire model of communication

Magicoreligious

This approach views health and illness as closely linked to supernatural forces.

holistic approach

humans desire to maintain a sense of harmony with the forces of nature. Illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when the organs of the body are out of balance with some aspect of nature.There is thus a great emphasis on the preven- tion of illness by maintaining a sense of balance and good health. Good health includes one's relationship to the larger social, political, and environmental circumstances.

biomedical approach

people are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces. Good health is achieved by knowing which biochemical reactions to set in motion.Treatments are provided by doctors and nurses who fix the biochem- ical problem, thus making the body healthy again.

learning preferences

defined as the way in which individuals like to receive and process information.

Understanding (Intuitive-Thinking) learners

are theoretical, intellectual, and knowledge-oriented. They enjoy being challenged intellectually and figuring things out for themselves. They are curious about ideas, have a tolerance for theory, enjoy complex problems, and are concerned about long-range consequences.

Self-Expressive (Intuitive-Feeling) Learners

curious, insightful, and imaginative. They are people who dare to dream, are committed to their values, are open to investigating alternatives, and are constantly searching for new and atypical ways to express themselves.

Interpersonal (Sensing-Feeling) learners

are social, friendly, and interpersonally directed. They are sensitive both to their own and to other people's feelings.

Need to see the reason behind learning to be interested in it.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Listening

Listening is the process of making sense out of what we hear. Listening is an active process of receiving, processing, and interpreting aural stimuli.

effective listening

The receiver is involved in the listening experience by paying attention to visual cues from the speaker and paralingual characteristics, and by asking relevant questions.

Intercultural Listening

-Respectfully ask questions

-Be aware of cultural differences

empathic listening style

listening to understand another person's message from his or her point of view. It requires attention to both the content and the feeling of the message. One must establish rapport, communicate acceptance, and encour- age the speaker to continue talking.

objective listening

similar to empathic listening.

nonjudgmental listening

listen for understanding while suspending judgment

critical listening

Critical thinking can help us analyze and evaluate the messages we listen to.

It is a good idea to listen nonjudgmentally first, then supplement with critical listening.

Suggestions to improve critical listening are to keep an open mind by delaying evaluation, avoiding filtering out or oversimplifying complex messages, recognizing your own biases, and making sure to listen critically to the whole message when you need to evaluate or judge.When listening critically, avoid fallacies such as name calling, testimonial, bandwagon, agenda setting, and attacking.

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house.

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech

defensive listening

a response style in which the receiver perceives a speaker's comments as an attack

Pseudolistening

using feedback behaviors to give the false impression that one is listening

confrontational listening

we listen carefully for flaws in a message to refute them or attack the speaker in response.