Chapter 7: Hips and Pelves 1

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10 Terms

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1. What are Archosaurs, and what features define them?

  • Archosaurs include crocodiles, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs (including birds).

  • Shared traits:

    • Antorbital fenestra (opening in front of the eye).

    • Mandibular fenestra (opening in the lower jaw).

    • Thecodont teeth (teeth set in sockets).

    • Sigmoidal (S-shaped) femur for upright posture.

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2. What defines a dinosaur?

  • Cnemial crest on the tibia – A ridge for muscle attachment, aiding leg extension.

  • Perforate acetabulum – A hole in the hip socket allowing for an upright stance.

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3. What are the two major groups of dinosaurs?

  • Ornithischia ("bird-hipped") – Pubis points backward.

  • Saurischia ("lizard-hipped") – Pubis points forward (ancestral trait).

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4. What are key features of Ornithischians?

  • All herbivorous.

  • Predentary bone forming a beak.

  • Cheeks for better food processing.

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5. What are the three major groups of Ornithischians?

  • Thyreophora ("shield bearers") – Armored dinosaurs (stegosaurs, ankylosaurs).

  • Ornithopoda ("bird foot") – Hadrosaurs, iguanodonts.

  • Marginocephalia ("margin heads") – Pachycephalosaurs, ceratopsians.

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6. What are characteristics of Thyreophorans?

  • Quadrupedal with bony armor (osteoderms).

  • Two groups:

    • Stegosaurs – Plates/spikes, short forelimbs.

    • Ankylosaurs – Heavy armor, some with tail clubs.

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7. What are the two subgroups of Ankylosaurs?

  • Ankylosaurids: Broad beak, cranial horns, tail club.

  • Nodosaurids: Narrow beak, no tail club.

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8. What are characteristics of Ornithopods?

  • Bipedal or facultative quadrupeds.

  • Jaw joint below the tooth row – Allows better chewing efficiency.

  • Hadrosaurs ("duck-billed dinosaurs") – Had elaborate crests for vocalization.

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9. What are characteristics of Marginocephalians?

  • Bony elaborations on the skull.

  • Two main groups:

    • Pachycephalosaurs ("thick-headed lizards") – Thick skulls, head-butting behavior.

    • Ceratopsians ("horned-faced ones") – Frills, beaks, often quadrupedal.

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10. How did ceratopsians evolve over time?

  • Early forms (e.g., Psittacosaurus) were bipedal and small.

  • Later forms (e.g., Triceratops) became large, quadrupedal, with elaborate skulls.