Module3b+-+The+Knowing+Mind (copy)

Memory

The ability to retain knowledge.

Encoding

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

Storage

The retention of information in memory.

Retrieval

The process of recovering stored information from memory.

Information-Processing View of Memory

A model that compares memory to the workings of a computer, where information enters the system, is processed and coded, and then stored.

Sensory Store

The first stage of memory processing, which registers perceived information in the present moment.

Short-Term Memory

Temporary storage of recently encountered information.

Long-Term Memory

Relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information.

Retrieval Cues

Reminders or hints that help retrieve information from long-term memory.

Consolidation

The process of forming a long-term memory.

Working Memory

An intermediate stage between encountering new information and its eventual storage, involving the processing and manipulation of current information.

Executive Control

The component of working memory that governs shifts of attention.

Source Amnesia

Forgetting the context in which knowledge or facts were learned.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember the beginning of a list.

Recency Effect

The tendency to remember the items at the end of a list.

Depth-of-Processing Model of Memory

The principle that the ease of retrieving memories depends on the number and types of associations formed with them.

Encoding Specificity

The principle that associations formed at the time of learning are effective retrieval cues.

State-Dependent Memory

The tendency to remember something better if your physical condition is the same at the time of recall as it was at the time of learning.

Retrieval

The process of remembering an event by reconstructing it based on surviving memories and expectations.

Reconstruction

The process of filling in gaps in a memory by using details that are remembered clearly.

Routine activities

Activities such as breakfast, lunch, or dinner that can be easily reconstructed from memory unless something unusual happened.

Interference

The phenomenon where the retention of old material makes it harder to retain new material, or learning new material makes it harder to recall old material.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit with how events turned out.

Declarative memory

The ability to state a fact.

Procedural memory

The memory of how to do something.

Explicit memory

Memory that we are aware we are using.

Implicit memory

Memory that influences us without any awareness.

Priming

A process that activates implicit memory.

Forgetting

The process where previous information stored is erased due to the replacement of new information.

Trace Decay Theory

The theory that forgetting occurs when information stored becomes rusty due to lack of use.

Interference Theory

The theory that forgetting occurs due to confusion and lack of organization in the storage of data.

Source amnesia

Forgetting the source of a memory.

Repression

The process of moving a painful memory from the conscious to the unconscious mind.

Retroactive interference

Learning new material makes it hard to recall old material.

Proactive interference

Retaining old material makes it hard to recall new material.

Recovered Memories

Memories that are prompted by clinical techniques, often memories of abuse that took place in early childhood.

False Memories

Memories that are constructed through clinical techniques and may not accurately reflect past events.

Amnesia

Severe loss or deterioration of memory.

Hippocampus

A brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory formation.

Frontal-lobe damage

Damage to the frontal lobes of the brain, which can result in memory impairments.

Korsakoff's syndrome

A dementia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 related to chronic alcoholism, resulting in memory impairments.

Confabulation

The act of filling in memory gaps with wild guesses mixed with correct information.

Explicit memory

Recall of knowledge and events that are deliberately retrieved and recognized.

Implicit memory

Recall of memory that does not require recognition and is effortless and unconscious.

Implicit memory

The ability to use and store information without conscious awareness.

Amnesiac patients

Individuals who have amnesia, a condition characterized by memory loss.

Explicit memory

Conscious, intentional memory for facts and events.

Amnesia

Severe memory loss caused by brain damage or other factors.

Priming

A memory phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus influences subsequent behavior or perception.

Procedural task

A task that involves a sequence of actions or steps to achieve a specific goal.

Alzheimer's disease

A progressive brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia.

Arousal

The state of being awake and alert.

Attention

The ability to focus and concentrate on a specific task or stimulus.

Healthy lifestyle

A way of living that promotes physical and mental well-being.

Early Childhood Amnesia

The inability to remember events from early childhood, typically before the age of 5 or 6.

Repression

A defense mechanism in which distressing memories or thoughts are pushed into the unconscious mind.

Declarative memory

Memory for facts and events that can be consciously recalled.

Hippocampus

A brain structure involved in the formation and retrieval of memories.