Exam 2

Informal Social Control

An early form of social control that relied on the community to bring offenders to justice and maintain order.

Kin Policing

An early form of informal social control where a victim's family members bring an offender to justice.

Tythings

Early England living arrangements consisting of 10 families living communally.

Hundreds

Early England living arrangements consisting of roughly 10 tythings, an appointed leader, and assistant to organize law enforcement and justice efforts.

Shire

A group of several hundred early English families living communally.

Frankpledge System

An informal social control system where multiple families lived in close proximity and agreed to respect the law, maintain order, and bring offenders to court.

Shire reeve

Origins of the sheriff.

Hue and cry

Able-bodied males pursue and capture offenders.

Watch and ward systems

Watchers alert citizens of crime danger and threats and protect one another.

Comes Stabuli

Eastern Roman/Byzantine empires 5th century - modern-day constable.

“Bobbies”

name given to officers in the london metropolitan police force in recognition of Sir Robert Peel

Bow Street Runners

group of men who proactively searched for lawbreakers in Bow Street region of London and were paid a sum of money for each individual they brought to court

Community Oriented Policing Service

component within the US department of justice that promotes community policing

Father of american policing

August Vollmer

Community Era of Policing

era of policing beginning in 1980s that has been characterized by proactive police efforts to better involve the community and address crime and crime related problems

Exclusionary Rule

Prohibits the introduction of illegally seized evidence into courtroom proceedings

Intelligence-led policing

type of policing that uses real time crime and data analyses to direct regular patrol and specialized units; it is supported by surveillance and intelligence gathering practices

London Metropolitan Police Act

act that created London Metropolitan police, which was first urban police department in the western world

Political era of Policing

period of time in which politicians heavily influenced police (1840-1930); members of law enforcement also had close relationships with communities they served and often provided non-crime fighting services for the general public

Reform era of policing

aka progressive era or professional era; period during which goal was to reform, advance, and generally professionalize policing (1930-1980); characterized by emphasis on crime fighting

Prohibition

time when selling, transporting, and manufacturing of alcohol was illegal (1919-1933); police corruption became particularly widespread and organized crime grew

Problem oriented policing

style of policing that seeks to address the causes of crime and disorder, as opposed to the reacting to crime; problem solving process involves scanning, analysis, response, and assessment

USA patriot act

passed in 2001, provided funding for local law enforcement to protect the homeland; enabled law enforcement agents to use greater levels of surveillance, enhanced the punishments associated with terrorist acts, and facolliatated better relationships and communication among levels of law enforcement

Spoils System

Practice of politicians rewarding individuals who support their candidacy with employment; used during political era

Terrorism

unlawfully using force and violence to intimidate or coerce others in furtherance of political or social objectives

Controlled Substances Act

statue prescribing federal U.S. drug policy regarding the manufacturing, importation, possession, use, and distribution of drugs in the United States

Decentralized

with regard to law enforcement, refers to absence of central unified law enforcement agency

Department of Homeland Security

cabinet-level department created with the homeland security act of 2002 whose mission is to protect the American people, its homeland, and its values

Europol

european Police Office, this organization was create din 1998 to confront international crime, address the removal of border controls in EU, and serve as a clearinghosue of information

Federalist

system of government in which the powers are distributed to national, state, county, and local levels

INTERPOL

world’s largest international police organization, authorities, and services that seek to prevent or confront international crime

Joint terrorism task forces

small groups of highly trained investigators, analysts, and lawenforcemnte specaialists that are deisgned to colmbine the resources of federal, state, and local law enforcement to address terrorism and related issues

Jurisdiction

power or right to exert one’s legal power over another; it can be considered in terms of geography, subject matter, and the functions and responsibilities of a court

Major Crimes Act

passed in 1885, attempted to clarify law enforcement jurisdiction in Native American lands by noting that most serious crimes fall under the jurisdiction over less serious crimes

Nongovernmental organizations

typically not for profit, organizations et up by groups that are run independent of governments, although they may receive funding form governments, businesses, foundations, or individuals; provide wide range of services including efforts to address various types of human rights violations and crimes

Offices of Inspector General

offices charged with preventing and detecting fraud, abuse, waste, and other criminal violations pertaining to federal programs, employees, and operations

U.S. Department of Justice

department in the federal government that includes the federal Bureau of prisons, the USMS, the FBI, the DEA and the ATF

United Nations

international organization found in 1945 and addresses issues including human rights, sustainable development, terrorism, disarmament, health, emergencies, and gender equality

Agressive Patrol

officer proactively address specific types of crimes and infractions

broken window hypothesis

belief that offenders perceive order maintenance problems as opportunities to commit crimes primarily because it appears citizens in the area do not care about the community

Directed Patrol

proactive approach to patrolling in which officer uses uncommitted time to address particular issues or locations

Downtime

gaps of inactivity between the times officers respond to citizens' calls for service

70%-79% of shift

Gang intervention Units

Specialized police units that address delinquency and related behaviors through targeting gangs and Gang Related activities

 gang resistance Education and Training Program (GREAT)

established in 1991 and modeled after dare program, Involves Law Enforcement Officers providing classroom content to children and young adults covering topics such as life skills, problem solving, and alternatives to delinquency

Graveyard Shift

typically 12 am to 8 am, night shift, many businesses closed and quiet, more observation and may be suspicious of individuals out and about

Order Maintenance

role of the police in keeping the peace (reactive or proactive)

Police Athletic Leagues

Outreach programs by the police in which officers host various types of sports leagues that enable them to more closely and positively interact with youth and generally discouraged delinquency

police explorer programs

Programs that enable juveniles to better understand the law and police work they are experienced and education-based programs that facilitate police youth relations

Preventive patrol

Routine patrol, primarily involves officers driving around beasts, responding to calls, and observing citizen behavior

Saturation Patrol

patrol strategy in which police departments allocate number of officers to a hotspot

school resource officers (sro’s)

Sworn officers who work in schools to prevent disorder and enhance police community relations

School to Prison pipeline

term that refers to the increasing patterns of students having contact with the justice system as a result of more punitive approach to addressing school related problems

Selective Enforcement

practice of police whereby they enforce some of the laws some of the time

Status offenses

violations that cannot be committed by adults

Zero tolerance Policing

Style of policing that is rooted in the broken windows hypothesis and seeks to aggressively address small infractions that could lead to larger ones, Focus on particular behavior in specific places

Conducted Energy Devices

less lethal weapons that deliver an electrical charge that disrupts an individual's system for a moment so that an officer May gain control of an individual without suffering injury

Continuum of force

guideline for escalation in Police use of force, which dictates the levels of Force officers should use in relation to a suspect's behavior

Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2013

mandates that states receiving federal criminal justice assistance grants report al deaths in law enforcement custody

Fleeing Felon Rule

an earlier standard of regarding Police use of deadly force which noted that deadly force could be used to subdue an offender who committed a felony and was attempting to escape from the police

Police Violence

Violence by and against the police; can be justified or unjusticfuied, legal or illegal, and delay or nondeadly

Political threat explanations

argument that Police use of deadly force is more likely to occur in areas where there are notable racial or economic differences largely and response to the divisions between groups

Reactive Explanations

Argument that police killings are more prominent in areas with high violent crime rates or where officers are working under difficult conditions

Affirmative Action Programs

programs designed to promote the hiring of disadvantaged groups who have suffered from discrimination

Basic Training

training that takes place at police academy designed to instill new officers the skills and knowledge relevant to police work; occurs at beginning of officers’ careers and shapes overall practice and effectiveness

Citizen patrols

community outreach programs in which citizens undergo a period of training prior to being equipped with radio and set out to patrol particular areas; volunteers expected to contact police as warenteed and provide additional surveillance for departments

Citizen Police Academies

community outreach programs that offer citizens the opportunity to train in various areas of police work

Civil Service Commissions

commissions throughout the US that provide oversight by ensuring that bias, political influence, and favoritism do not impact personnel decisions

Civilian Review Boards

community outreach programs offered by police departments that involve community members offering input regarding questionable police practices

Field Training

designed to reinforce what officer learn in basic training, provide additional information about specific aspects of the job, ensure officer can apply what they learned at the academy; involces new officers working closely with field training officers

Field Training officers

skilled and experienced officers who assist rookie officers as they move from academy to streets and evaluate their performance

In-Service training

taring provided to officers in efforts to keep them abreast changes in the field, developments regarding laws and ordinances, change sin technology, and new departmental policies; must also undergo training if they are promoted or if they plan to job assignments

Peace officer Standards and Training Commission

State agencies that regulate the minimum police training standards set by each state and help ensure that training curricula are in accord with training standards

Polygraph Examinations

test to ensure accuracy of the background information and note and psychological irregularities when testing new officers

Racial Profiling

practice of targeting or suspecting individuals based not on behavior but race or ethnicity

Residency Requirements

Regulations which mandate that police officers live within a prescribed distance from the department for which they are employed

Requirements for police officers bg

Voice stress analyzers

measure small frequency modulations heard in human voices that are believed to happen when one is lying, used to screen new police officers

Burnout

officers losing their enthusiasm for the job which leaves them incapable of performing up to standards

Crystal Judson Domestic Violence Protocol Program

programs passed by Congress in 2005 that provide fundng to police departments that adopt protocols to address domestic violence cases involving officers

Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban

(Lautenberg Amendment) amendment to Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997 and bans access to firearms by individuals who are convicted of domestic violence

Abuses of Authority

acts of police misconduct that include intentional actions in the course of police work that are designed to inflict harm upon others or violate individual rights

Christopher Commission

1991, argued that LA police failure to control police brutality largely contributed to civil unrest that occurred in LA

Corruption

type of police misconduct that includes the misuse of authority for an officer’s personal gain or that of others

Decertification

Punishment for police misconduct in which police administrators work with State accreditation and Regulatory boards to remove an officer of their state certification to be a police officer

Early warning Systems/ early intervention systems

systems that facilitate the identification of problem police officers through the use of computer programs that permit supervisors to closely monitor officers who regularly receive complaints

Internal Affairs

sometimes referred to as offices of professional standards, it is an internal police unit that evaluates an investigates allegations of questionable police contact; Internal Affairs units typically report directly to the chief or deputy chief

Kerner Commission/ National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

1967-68; Noted that police practices contributed to the civil unrest occurring in 60s. suggested that officers engaged in unprofessional conduct, particularly through aggressive enforcement practices and adequate training for supervision and overzealous Patrol practices

Knapp Commission

Assembled in 1970, speculated that half of the New York City Police Department engaged in corruption

The Mollen Commission

1992; investigated police corruption in New York and found the officers who engaged in the most serious forms of corruption began to engage in misconduct through the beating and abuse of suspects

Noble Cause Corruption

Corruption in which officers misuse their powers for the sake of what they believe is justice

Police Crime

Criminal Behavior committed by police officers while on duty

Police Deviance

Unethical activities committed by police officers; the ax do not conform to the high standards expected of members of the Criminal Justice System

Punitive Probation

Sanctioned for police misconduct that involves closely monitoring and addressing the actions of problematic officers over period of time

Reprimands

written citations and accounts of infractions that are kept in officers Personnel files

Wickersham commission

1931; criticized the police for widespread corruption and misconduct, including accusations of officers engaging in unprofessional conduct with regard to interrogating suspects and the use of force

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

Extension of the exclusionary rule which holds that any secondary information or evidence collected as a result of an illegal search is also inadmissible in court

“John Doe” warrant

type of arrest warrant requested by officers when they do not know the name of the individual they wish to arrest

Administrative searches

searches conducted by government investigators to assess whether there are violation of government regulations

 affidavit

written statement establishing probable cause to conduct a search