Biology - Gr.11 🦁 (UNIT 2: DIVERSITY) - Biodiversity

Biodiversity:

the natural diveristy or variation of living organisms

Sustainable development:

development that meets the needs of the present w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

THREE main levels of biodiversity:

• Specific diversity (species)

• Genetic diveristy (DNA)

• Ecosystem diveristy

1. Specfic diversity (species):

The variety tat exists in the different species found in a give n area

2. Genetic diversity (DNA):

The variety that exists at the level of alleles, that of entire genes or that of chromosomal structure withtin species

3. Ecosystem diversity

The variety that exists in physical environments and biotic communities in a landscape (ecosystem)

Anthropocene

A term that describes a geological period during which humans caused the majority of planetary changes

Ecoservices:

the benefits that sustainable ecosystems provide to the organisms that live in them, including humans, which are linked to diversity

Ensure maintenance, organisms contribute to:

• Pest control

• Pollination

• Waste management

• Recycling nutrients

• Climate regulation, etc.

Geological period:

a period where umans caused the majority of planetary changes

What are TWO things that humans have modified?

Climate & biodiversity

Macroevolution:

large-scale evolution can lead to the appearance of new species

WHAT ARE THE 3 DOMAINS OF LIFE:

• Eubacteria (bacteria)

• Archaea

• Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

Phylogeny

the history of the evolution of a species and their relationships

Who is the Father taxonomy?

Carl Linnaeus

Taxonomy:

branch of biology which aims to identify, name and classify species according to their natural characteristics

Taxa:

a group that refers to organisms such as the phylum chordates or other rodents

What is the largest Taxa?

The Domain

How are animals are classified?

D(Domain) ead

K(Kingdom)ings

P(Phylum)lay

C(Class)hess

O(Order)n

F(Family)at

G(Genus)reen

S(Species)tools

Binomial nomenclature

a system of naming plants & animals in which each species is given a name consisting of two terms → First name: genus → Second name: species

1. First word refers to:

Genus

2. Second refers to:

Species

What is a dichotomous key?

an identification tool which consists of a series of binary choices which guide towards the identification of organims

What are prokaryotes?

a unicellular organism w/o a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

What’s an example of prokaryotic cell?

a bacteria

What are the FOUR important BACTERIUM?

• Proteobacteria

• Cyanobacteria

• Gram-Positive bacteria

• Gram-Negative bacteria

FUN FACT ABOUT BACTERIA!

→ They have cell walls !

When grain-staining, the dye binds to the walls, which thickens to create a PINK or PURPLE colour

Proteobacteria:

ancestors of the mitochondria

Cyanobacteria:

ancestors of chloroplasts

Gram-Positive bacteria:

their walls have a thick layer of petidoglycan

→ Turns purple

Gram-Negative bacteria:

their cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan

→ Turns pink

Bacteria can either be ____ or ___

useful or harmful

Examples of Archaea:

• Methanogens

• Halophiles

• Extreme thermophiles

• Psychrophiles

• Acidophiles

Methanogens:

produce methane uder hypoxic conditions

Halophiles:

survive in high salt

Extreme thermophiles:

survive in high temps

Psychrophiles:

survive in low temps

Acidophiles:

survive in an acidified environment - ph <3.0