Periodic Table + Ions + Bonding

How are elements placed in columns (groups)

• same number of valence electrons

• bonding behavior

• similar properties

How are elements placed in lines (periods)

• increasing atomic number

  • number of protons in nucleus

• same number of shells

Metallic bonding

a type of chemical bond that occurs between metal atoms, characterized by a 'sea of electrons' that are shared among the positively charged metal ions, allowing for conductivity and malleability.

cations

positively charged ions formed when an atom loses e-

anions

negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains e-

solution

a homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

solute

the substance dissolved in a solution

solvent

the substance that dissolves a solute in a solution, typically in greater quantity.

solubility

the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

miscible

describes two liquids that can mix together uniformly.

non-miscible

Substances that do not mix or dissolve in each other.

insoluble

a substance that cannot be dissolved in a solvent, such as water, under specified conditions.

saturated solution

a solution that has reached its maximum concentration of solute at a given temperature and pressure.

concentration

the amount of solute present in a given volume of solvent or solution.

naming ionic compounds

• Monatomic cations keep their name, and we add “ion” at the end.

• Monoatomic anions, end with “ide”

ex: sodium chloride (NaCl), where sodium is the cation and chloride is the anion.

Polyatomic ions

• NH₄⁺  : The Ammonium ion

• OH^- : hydroxide 

• NO₃^- : Nitrate

• CO₃ ^2- ": Carbonate   

• SO₄ ^2-   : Sulfate

• PO₄ ^3-  : Phosphate