psych 270 Umich exam 3

psychoactive drugs

substances that alter psychological state

addiction

body requires drug to feel good

symptoms from drug abuse to dependence

impaired control, social problems, risky use, physical dependence

levels of addiction severity

2-3 sx's- mild, 6-11 sx's-severe (addiction)

drinking statistics

70% of 18+ drank in last year; 26% binge drink, 50% of drinkers in college: 4-5 drinks at a time on 3 occasions in last 2 weeks

windows of alcohol abuse vulnerability

peak at 18-25; late middle age

social costs of alcohol abuse

decreased work productivity

alcohol is a _ that acts as a _

depressant that acts as a stimulant (expectations)

who is at greater risk for alcohol abuse

men, native Americans, and catholics

treatment of alcohol dependence

-Detoxification

-Multimodal treatment

-Support Groups

-Relapse Prevention

-Antabuse (give drug that makes alcohol make u sick)

tabacco use disorder stats

480k deaths per year (30% of all cancer deaths); 10 yrs off life

anti smoking movement stats

45%->13%

paradoxical effect for tabacco

stimulant can feel like a depressant

psychophysiologal disorders

true physical illness influenced by psych factors

hippocrates vs mind and body

emotions like anxiety can cause sickness

galen vs mind and body

influence of PERSONALITY: melancholic

Descartes vs mind and body

mind-body dualism (pineal gland) "I think, therefore, I am"

various definitions of stress

consequence of a stressor: major life events; chronic hassles OR change in life experiences (transitional stress) (acculturative stress) OR stress= stimulus x appraisal

primary appraisal (stress)

do you perceive event as harmful? threatening? challenging?

secondary appraisal (stress)

what coping resources do I have available?

stimulus specificity

different stressors lead to different responses

individual response specificity

unique responding style of the individual, which may be due to learning and/or biological factors, personality

langer and rodin study

personal control and mortality rates

individual and stimulus specificity

combo of both where the stimulus AND one's personality determine stress

Stress and illness

high risk behaviors, increase in illness reporting, changes in immune system

college student's disease

heightened admissions to health services just before exams begin or papers are due

Psychoneuroimmunology

examines how immune system mediates link between stress and illness; lymphocyte to attack antigens; bad- research based on the healthy

Essential hyertension

chronic high BP without any known cause

asthma

a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs; attacks are precipitated or exacerbated by emotional causes

coronary heart disease

blockage in arteries (atherosclerosis) leading to heart attack; spiking heart rate with anxiety

type A behavior

aggressive, hostile, strive for success

types of type A

benign- competitive, strive 4 achieve; unhealthy- hostility and irritability (CHD)

headaches and stress

tension ones (muscle contractions in neck and head)p; migraines (neuro or hormonal)(rate twice for women)

obesity and stress

defined by sociocultural norms; causes like genetic predisposition, low metabolism; diet and exercise

sleep disorder

1 of 4 have them: insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy

depressive episode symptoms (2 weeks!)

KEY ONES: depressed mood, anhedonia, helplessness, change in appetite sleep behavior, feelings of guilt/shame, suicide

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

manic episode (1 week)

few days/months, end abruptly, elevated mood, increased self esteem, decreased sleep, hyperactive, reckless

hypomanic episode

less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode , less than a week (4 days?)

Euthymia

normal mood; homeostasis

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and perfectionism and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.

MDD prevalence

4% in men, 6% in women, women 2x more likely to get diagnosed

insight-focused vs action-focused (MDD)

insight- ruminate, think back, why am I like this?; action- violence, substance use

sociocultural difference with MDD

high in amish and college students

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between depressive and manic episodes, less common than MDD

Bipolar Type 1

Manic episodes with at least one depressive episode (not req), mania dominant

bipolar type 2

Recurrent depressive episodes with at least one hypomanic episode, depression dominant

bipolar meds

lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics

BIPOLAR THEREPY

interpersonal social rhythm therapy

Dysthymia

mild persistence of depressive symptoms, 2 years, less severe, still needs impairment

Cyclothymia

a relatively mild but longer-lasting form of bipolar disorder, 2 yeas

comorbity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual; depression highly related to anxiety (1/2)

Clark and Watson's Tripartite Model

common high negative effect

suicide stats

8th most common COD, 2nd for kids, 1/8 attempt is successful, women 3x more likely to attempt, men 3x more likely to complete

parasuicidal behavior

any risky behavior that can "easily" lead to death

euthanasia

assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease

Predicting Suicide

Hopelessness

Discuss suicidal thoughts

Giving away possessions

Sort out affairs

May appear to be suddenly at peace

psychodynamic and mood disorders

depression due to reactivated loss, anger turned inward

humanistic/existential and mood disorders

inauthenticity, fear of being alone; fail to confront existence

behavioral and mood disorders

reduction in reinforcement, social behavior and praise is aversive to others

Cognitive (mood disorders)

thoughts of hopelessness; negative self schema

Suicide in Japan

mandated suicide in war, seppuku (kata-kin) suicide w another, competency: no sex Dif

personality disorders

long standing maladaptive patterns of thought and behavior that impair functioning

paranoid personality disorder

chronic suspiciousness, chronic scanning of environment, IMPAIRMENT, its others problem

schizitypical personality disorder

symptoms like schizophrenia, less intense, more chronic, NOT FUNCTIONAL

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion, isolate, FUNCTIONAL

borderline personality disorder

lack of self identity, dependent, splitting (all good or all bad), impulsive and self destructive, common diagnosis in LGBT

histrionic personality disorder

want to be center of ATTENTION; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior, more in women

narcissistic personality disorder

grandiose sense of self-importance, GOD COMPLEX, a need for constant attention or admiration, low self esteem, bragging

avoidant personality disorder

consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, FEAR OF REJECTION, linked w social phobia

dependent personality disorder

excessive dependence on others; inability to assume responsibilities; fear abandonment w abuse; linked w BPD

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control; OVERANALYZE/THINK; WORKAHOLICS but dont meet deadlines; seen after traumatic event

antisocial personality disorder

predatory attitude towards people, VIOLENT, higher in men, criminal

perservation

state of repeatedly performing the same behavior or thought, dont learn from mistakes

antisocial PD characteristics

violent before 15, failure to meet responsibilities, irritable, disregard truth, OWN SOCIETY OF VALUES

intimate partner violence

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship, DSM 5, women victims or based on size

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property

kleptomania

insane impulse to steal

pyromania

fire setting for pleasure

pathological gambling

Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior.

Trichotillomania

a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair/scalp

recurrent depression

2+ dep episodes separated by 2+ months, higher risk after a year, 20% with mdd last more than 5 years

double depression

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression; MDD AND PERSISTANT

Integrated Grief

grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss

complicated grief

emotions so painful one cannot resume normal life

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood

cyclothymia into bpd

1/3-1/2 turn into bpd from cyclo.

MAO inhibitors

Behavioral stimulants that reduce depression by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called MAO, which normally breaks down and deactivates norepinephrine and serotonin; lots of complications, toxic

goal of meds and depression treatment

to deny the next episode

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient, produce seizures

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions, localized electronegative pulse

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

maintenance treatment

combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy

mild depression vs MDD sex differences

50:50 for mild, women higher for MDD

(Children) Comorbidity

higher rates of it

causes of mood disorders (families)

TWIN STUDIES!! genetic contribution for depression: 40% in women and 20% in men; much much lower for BPD, more environment reliable

neurohormones

hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology

stress hormones

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, secreted as part of the reaction of the nervous system to stress; lead to low ability to develop new neurons

Arbitrary inference

distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence; NEGATIVE OVER POSITIVE