AP World History Study Guide Unit 1-4

Will continue updating (2024) You DON'T need to memorize everything, you only need to understand the content and context of each time period.

How does the growth of long-distance trade appear?

interactions between new states and collapsing of Greek/Roman civilization

State

A territory politically organized under one government Ex) China, Japan, US

Religious Mysticism

• focusing on mystical experience

• Prayer, meditation, closer to their divine being

Buddhism

• India, China, SE Asia, Japan

• Siddhartha Gautama (Nepal, 563-483 BCE)

• Rejected wealth & world possessions

• all life is suffering from desire, can be freed from desire by following this path

• Split into 2 versions

• Impact: rejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank

  India: reabsorbed in Hinduism

  China, Japan, Southeast Asia: Buddhism continued to thrive

  Further: spread via trade routes

Theravada Buddhism

meditation, simplicity, Nirvana

Mahayana Buddhism

• Spiritual comfort with greater spread

  • great ritual

Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth

• teachings of devotion to God and love for others

• was crucified

• Believe Jesus is the Son of God - forgiveness of sins, everlasting life is achievable through him

• World was created by God, but world has fallen from God

• Believers should seek God and care for him and others

• The final source of truth

  Impact: compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women

  Became most influential religion in Mediterranean basin by 3rd century

  Became official religion of Roman Empire, then branching north and west

  Connection with Roman Empire had profound impact on global culture

Confucianism

• Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings

• Deals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topics

• 5 fundamental relations build society and make it orderly - (1) ruler and subject, (2)

• parent and child, (3) husband and wife, (4) older sibling and younger sibling. (5) friend and friend

Impact: Compatible with other religions, causing it to flourish Led to distinctive Chinese culture of tight-knit communities Stayed within Chinese culture

Hinduism

• India

• Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are

  manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer)

• Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to

  accomplish and believers live to determine who they will be in their next life

  Following the dharma (rules and obligations of your caste) will move you towards

• Brahma - moksha is highest stake of being (internal peace and release of soul)

  No sacred text - Vedas and Upanishads guide Hindus

Impact:

Religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion

Recently, Hindus are rebelling caste system

Spawned Buddhism

Islam

• Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, Europe

• 7th century - Muslims are the believers Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an

• Salvation is won through submission to God - 5 Pillars of Islam: (1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca

• 2 groups, Shia and Sunni, who disagreed who should succeed Muhammad

• Sunni=

  • Abu Bakr

    • Caliph

    • Follows the Sunni Example

• Shia=

  • Ali (Muhammad’s Nephew

    • Caliph = should be blood related

    • Twelve Shism

    • Imams

Judaism

• God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them

• Unique relationship with God

• World is for them to enjoy, free will - destiny of world is paradise

• Hebrew Bible - Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies

• First of major monotheistic faiths

Sufism

Form of Islam that incorporated Hindu practices (meditation/yoga)

Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember

• Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid-9th century golden age

• Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq)

• Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)

• Built around trade - used receipt and bill system

Decline of Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions

• Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, new Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk

• Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and most importantly Mongols

• Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258

• Ottoman Turks would later reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918

• Mamluks: Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East

  • Christian non-Arab (Turkish) boys taken at a young age, trained to become govt officials, and converted to Islam

Middle Ages

• fall of Rome before Renaissance - complicated time

• Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire

• Western Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong

Feudalism

European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

• 1) King:

  • power over whole kingdom

• 2) Nobles:

  • power over sections of kingdom

  • in exchange for loyalty to King & military service

• 3) Vassals:

• lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further

• estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)

• 4) Peasants/serfs:

• worked the land

• Had few rights or freedoms outside of manor

• Skilled in trades

• led to middle class emergence of craftsmen and merchants

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote about how a ruler should maintain power - The Prince 1513

three-field system

3 fields for fall & spring, and 1 empty one for replenishing

Code of Chivalry

• condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect

• Male dominated: women could not own land and land was passed down to eldest son (primogeniture), their education was limited to domestic skills

Germany (emergence of nation-states)

• reigning family of emperorship died out, entering a period of interregnum (time between kings)

• merchants and tradespeople became more powerful

England (emergence of nation-states)

• English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta

• reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament

• Richard the Lion-hearted

• Later divided into House of Lords (nobles and clergy - legal issues) and House of Commons (knights and wealth burghers - trade and taxation)

France (emergence of nation-states)

• 12th century, England began to occupy many parts of France which spurred revolts

• Joan of Arc fought back English out of Orleans

• Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453): unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal

Spain (emergence of nation-states)

• Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition

Russia (emergence of nation-states)

• taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until

• Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar - Ivan the Terrible

• became a ruthless ruler utilizing secret police in 1500s

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

• Confucianism justified subordination of women - foot binding: women’s feet bound after

• birth to keep them small

• Neo-Confucianism: Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

• Champa Rice - caused an increase of population due to excess food supply

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

• Religion: influenced by Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and especially

• Buddhism in two of its forms

  • Mahayana: peaceful and quiet existence apart from worldly values

  • Chan or Zen: meditation and appreciation of beauty

Feudal Japan (1192)

• 1. Emperor

• 2. Shogun (chief general)

• 3. Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights/lords)

  • Followed Code of Bushido

    • code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour

• 4. Lesser samurai (like vassals)

• 5. Peasants and artisans

Women had little rights and esteem

Delhi Sultanate

• Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi

• Islam took over Northern India - clash between Islam monotheism and Hinduism polytheism

• Islam rulership brought in colleges and farming improvements

Rajput Kingdoms

• several Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Srivijaya/Majahapit

trade empires that were made up of bureaucratic merchants (modern day indonesia)

Khmer Empire (9th-15th century)

• Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand

• Beliefs were carried through Indian Ocean trade network

• Crafted the Angor Wat temple

• Religion spread and established different states

Vijayanagara Empire

formed from smaller Hindu Kingdoms to resist Islam

Bhakti Movement

Hinduism responding to monotheism (Islam brought belief in "one god" to India), more focused on individual Hindu Gods

Developments in Africa

• Islamic Empire spread to North Africa in the 7th to 8th centuries - traveled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-Saharan

• An explosion of trade began

Hausa Kingdoms

• off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms

• Islam region, achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano

• Political and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars

Aztecs

• Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200s

• Tenochtitlan: capital city (modern Mexico City)

• Expansionist policy and professional, strict army

• Empire of 12 million people with flourishing trade, many of people enslaved

• Women were subordinate, but could inherit property

Inca

• Andes Mountains in Peru

• Expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels

• Many people were peasants

• Capital of Cuzco had almost 300,000 people in late 1400s

• Women were more important and could pass property to their daughters

• Polytheistic religion with human sacrifice - Sun god was most important

• People were mummified after death

• Military was very important

• Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu architecture

Mayan City-States and Mexica

used a "tribute system" to rule over other places that gave them payments in various forms

Cahokia

Mound-building civilization in N. America along the Mississippi River

Mesa Verde/Chaco Cultures

Southwestern tribes, predecessors of Hopi, Navajo, near 4 corners region of the US

Burghers

merchants emerging in towns that became politically powerful

• Towns formed alliances

Hanseatic League (1358)

• trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood

• increase social mobility and flexibility

• Made up of over 100 cities

  Created substantial middle class in northern Europe

• Set precedent for large, European trading operations

Romanesque to Gothic

• especially reflected in cathedrals

• Flying buttresses: tall windows and vaulted ceilings

• Often had art and sculpture, music

Scholasticism

• growth of education and knowledge

• founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks

• came in conflict with religion

Crusades (11-14th century)

• military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians

• combat religious questioning

Combat Heresies

religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine

Pope Innocent III

• issued strict decrees on church doctrine - frequently persecuted heretics and Jews

• unsuccessful 4th crusade

Pope Gregory IX

• Inquisition (formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution)

• church often referred to as Universal Church or Church Militant

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought

• faith and reason aren’t in conflict

Urbanization

• Trade led to the growth of urban culture - cities usually were around trade routes

• Silk Route cities were the most populous - Baghdad, Merv, Chang’an

• Constantinople before 1400 and Paris and Italian city-states after 1400 were big European cities

Genghis Kahn

• unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies

  • first invaded China in 1234

Mongol Empire

• spanned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe - spit into hordes after death of Genghis Kahn

• ruthless warriors destroying cities but remained peaceful after settling into cities

Golden Horde

conquered modern-day Russia

Kublai Khan

• Genghis Kahn’s successor - ruled China

• Didn’t really have a set culture - didn’t enforce religion or way of life on conquered nations, but did make any cultural advancements

Timur Lang

• Mongol leader who took over India and destroyed everything - grew Islam in the nation

• If any residents of society the Mongols took over resisted, they would immediately kill them, so most had no choice but to give in - they were ruthless fighters, organized and mobile

• Great diffusers of culture

• Prevented Russia from culturally developing

• World trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

Mali and Songhai

Mali had a lot of gold that Islamic traders were interested in

Mansa Musa

• Malian ruler who built the capital of Timbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana

• Richest man

• Hajj to Mecca (religious pilgrimage)

Sonni Ali

• Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century

• became a major cultural centre until 1600

Song Dynasty: Chinese Technology

• bureaucratic system built on merit and civil service examination creating a lot of loyal government workers, improved transportation and communication and business practices

• Concentrated on creating an industrial society

• improved literacy with printed books which increased productivity and growth

• Civil Exam

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

• Trade exploded from 1200-1450

• Improved with better transportation and monetary systems

• Cultural diffusion - spread religions, languages, literature, art, idea, disease, plague

Main Global Trade Routes

1. The Hanseatic League

2. The Silk Road

3. The land routes of the Mongols

4. Trade between China and Japan

5. Trade between India and Persia

6. The Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire

Bubonic Plague

• started in Asia in the 14th century and carried by merchants

• killed about 1/3 population

Indian Ocean Trade

• Dominated by Persians and Arabs - western India to Persian Gulf to eastern Africa

• Great Zimbabwe: trading empire in Africa from 11th to 15th centuries

Silk Road

• China to Mediterranean cultures in early days of Roman Empire and from 1200 to 1600

• Cultural exchange through travelers stopping at trade towns - Kashgar, Samarkand

• Silk, porcelain, paper, religion, food, military technologies

• Sailors marrying local women created cultural intermixing

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler, through Islamic world to India to China

The Renaissance

• people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced

• a lot of money went to studying the past

• trade increase

Humanism

• focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

• Afterlife remained dominant in the Catholic Church

Medici family

• Extremely rich patrons of art in Italy

• Patrons of Michelangelo & Brunelleschi

Renaissance Artists

Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Michelangelo, Rafael

Printing Press

• made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone

• led to more literate people

• Johannes Gutenberg md-1400s invented it

Protestant Reformation

• Catholic Church, one of the most powerful organizations in the Middle Ages

• power in politics and society - undisputed authority

• Church capitalized off its followers with indulgences: purchased to reduce time in purgatory

• Nobles and peasants began getting increasingly frustrated by the church’s exploitation and corrupt nature

Martin Luther

• German monk who published his list of complaints against the church (95 Theses)

• proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence

Pope Leo X

excommunicated Luther when he refused to recount his idea

Christianity split

Luther’s ideas led to many others to come forward

Lutherans

Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church

Calvinism

• John Calvin: predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France

Church of England/Anglican Church

• pope refused to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon because an heir wasn’t produced

• he declared himself the head of religious affairs

Jesuits

Ignatius Loyola: prayer and good works leads to salvation

Catholic Reformation (16th century)

• Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility

• still wanted authority and control

• Council of Trent: reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship

• Caused wars

Scientific Revolution

Expanded education led to world discoveries

Copernican Revolution:

• Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis

Galileo

• built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them - forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest

Scientific Method

shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, others experimenting)

Newton

Natural Laws

• Led to Industrial Revolution, and many rejecting the church - atheists (believe no god exists), deists (believe God exists, but is passive)

• Deism: became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings

Rene Descartes- Rationalism

All truth comes from reason and logic

Spain and Portugal

• Spain became very powerful, supporting exploration, expansion of Spanish language and culture, and having a large naval fleet

• Portugal focused on dominating costal Africa, Indian Ocean, Spice Islands - lost control to Dutch and British

England

• Elizabethan Age (1558-1603): expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age

• Muscovy Company: first joint-stock company - British East India Company

• Petition of Rights (limiting taxes and forbidding

  unlawful imprisonment)

• Oliver Cromwell - dictator

• Habeas Corpus Act: prevents people from arrests without due process

• Glorious Revolution

• English Bill of Rights (1689)

France

• Unified and centralized under strong monarchy after Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

• bureaucratic class

• War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Germany/Holy Roman Empire

• Holy Empire was in present day Austria/Germany - weak due to the mixed dynamics, rulership, and religion of the surrounding area

Russia

• Overthrown by Mongols late 15th century

• Ivan III refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free from their rule

• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible): strong leader feared by many - executing people who were threats to his power

• Time of Troubles (1604 to 1613): killing those who tried to rise to the throne

Gunpowder Empires

1. Land-based

2. Used gunpowder to expand

3. Ethnically different from their subjects (Safavids-Shi’a, Ottomans-Sunni, both are Muslim)(Qing- Han subjects, Manchu leader)

Ottoman Empire (Gunpowder Empire)

• Eventually invaded Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire (Constantinople now named Istanbul)

• Istanbul center of Islamic civilization

Jannissaries

Warriors trained after being converted through Devshirme

Devshirme

Collecting young boys (NOT Muslim) from families (Balkans) and turning them into bureaucrats

Safavid Empire (Gunpowder Empire)

• Shah Ismail

Bureacrat

A govt. official who carries out the will of the govt./govt. leader

Mughal Empire (Gunpowder Empire)

• Babur: Mongol leader who invaded northern India

• Akbar: succeeded Babur

• Hindus and Muslims lived side by side in a golden age of art and thought - under Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built

• Aurangzeb: emperor who ended religious toleration and waged wars to conquer rest of India

  - Hindus were persecuted

Africa

Swahili-