Final Study Guide

cranium

forehead bone

encloses and protects fragile brain tissue

skull

head bone

clavicle

bone that connects shoulder to sternum

ribs

chest bones

vertebral column

back bone

radius

thumb side forearm bone

sacrum

bottom of spine bone

coccyx

tailbone

phalanges

finger/toe bones

metacarpals

between finger and wrist bones

patella

knee bone

scapula

shoulder blade bone

sternum

breastbone

humerus

upper arm bone

ulna

pinky side forearm bone

pelvic girdle

hip bones

also ilium

carpals

wrist bones

femur

thigh bone

tibia

thick shin bone

fibula

thin shin bone

tarsals

ankle bone

metatarsals

in between ankle and toe bones

axial skeleton

80: skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column (not sacrum)

appendicular skeleton

126: shoulder, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet

skeletal system

206 bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

functions:

* provide shape, support, and framework of the body
* protect internal organs
* store minerals (salts, calcium, phosphorus)
* play a role in hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells in bone marrow)
* provide a place for muscles to attach to
* make movement possible through joints

long bones

femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna

short bones

carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

flat bones

skull, sternum, scapula

irregular bones

vertebrae, pelvis

joints

where two or more bones connect, also called articulations

movement classification of joints

synarthrosis: allows no movement (cranial suture)

amphiarthrosis: allows slight movement (vertebrae)

diarthrosis: allows free movement (knee, hip, elbow, wrist, foot)

membrane classification of joints

synovial: bone ends covered with cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined with a synovial membrane

* freely movable

synovial fluid

clear sticky substance that fills the synovial cavity and nourishes/lubricates the cartilage surfaces

abduction/adduction

moving a body part away or to the middle

vertebral curves

cervical: 7 vertebrae

thoracic: 12 vertebrae

lumbar: 5 vertbrae

sacral: sacrum and coccyx

pelvis

made up of ilium (pelvic girdle), pubis (medial lower part), ischium (lateral lower part), sacrum and coccyx

acetabulum

the socket where the femur connects to the pelvis

foramen

the opening in the lower part of the pelvis

parts of the sternum

* clavicular notches: where the clavicles meet
* jugular notch: top medial
* manubrium: top portion
* sternal angle: separates manubrium and body
* body: main shaft
* xiphoid process: bottom tip

costal cartilages

connect ribs to the sternum

intercostal space

area between ribs

parietal

top part of skull

frontal

front part of skull

occipital

back part of skull

temporal

side part of skull

brachioradialis

flexor forearm muscle

biceps brachii

main bicep muscle

brachialis

lower bicep muscle

muscular system

over 600 muscles

made up of bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue

unique abilities:

* contractibility: become shorter and thicker when stimulated, causing movement
* extensibility: muscles can stretch
* elasticity: go back to original position after stretching or contracting

muscle tone

when muscles are partially contracted and ready for use even if they aren’t in use

if lost, can lead to paralysis, atrophy (the wasting away of muscles when they aren’t used), or contracture (tightening/cramping)

types of muscles

1. cardiac


1. forms the walls of the heart, contract to circulate blood, involuntary
2. smooth/visceral


1. found in internal organs of the body (digestive and reproductive systems, eyes, blood vessels) that contract to cause involuntary movement in these areas
3. skeletal


1. attached to bones, causing voluntary body movement


1. (functions): produce heat and energy, help maintain posture, and protect internal organs

trapezius

side neck muscles

pectorals

chest muscles

deltoid

shoulder muscles

rectus abdominus

ab muscles

obliques

side ab muscles

anterior iliac spine

bone at the superior end of the quad

tensor fasciae latae

lateral superior quad muscle

sartorius

crosses over main quad muscles to the inner thigh

rectus femoris

main quad muscle

fastus lateralis

lower lateral quad muscle

adductor longus

lower medial quad muscle

peroneus longus

lateral shin muscle

mover and stabilizer of the ankle

moves the food and ankle in several directions

injury leads to decreased motion and difficulty walking or running

tibialis anterior

more medial (but on lateral side) shin muscle

peroneus brevis

lower lateral shin muscle

latissimus dorsi

lats/back muscle

erector spinae

connective tissue around lower spine

semimembranosus

medial hamstring muscle

semitendinosus

middle hamstring muscle

biceps femoris

lateral hamstring muscle

gastrocnemus

main calf muscle

soleus

lower calf muscle under gastrocnemus

flat, connects to tibia and fibula

helps you walk, run, jump, and maintain good posture

calcaneus

heel bone

attachment of skeletal muscles

through tendons (strong, tough connective tissue cord)

through a tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue

origin and insertion

role of one end of a muscle can change between these two

origin: doesn’t move

insertion: moves during contraction

temporalis

side head muscle

helps you close your jaw

orbicularis oculi

surrounding eyes

helps you close them, blink, and squint

epicranius occipitalis

back head muscle

pulls the scalp posteriorly

orbicularis oris

surrounding the mouth

close the mouth, frown, and protrude the lips (kidding)

epicranius frontalis

forehead muscle

helps you wrinkle your forehead and raise your eyebrows

superior/inferior vena cava

deoxygenated blood from the body entering the heart on superior/inferior end

tricuspid valve

passageway between the right atrium and right ventricle

pulmonary valve

passageway between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery

the passageway that deoxygenated blood uses to go to the lungs to retrieve oxygen

pulmonary veins

how oxygenated blood gets back to the heart after retrieving oxygen

mitral / bicuspid valve

passageway between the left atrium and left ventricle

aortic valve

passageway between the left ventricle and the aorta

aorta

the largest vessel in the body that sends oxygenated blood to the rest of the body’s tissues

heart structure

chambers:

* atria (2 small upper left and right)
* ventricles (2 large lower left and right)
* septum separates the left and right sides

heart function

circulation: pumps blood around the entire body all the time

about 5 L/8 pints every time, with speed varying

along with the blood and blood vessels, the heart makes up the cardiovascular system

heart vessels

arteries: carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to all of the parts of the body - get smaller the farther away from the heart they are

capillaries: conenct the smallest arteries to teh smallest veins, exchanging H2O, O2, CO2, and nutrients between the blood and surrounding tissue

veins: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, getting bigger the nearer they are

* all can widen or narrow based on the amount of blood each part of the body requires, a process controlled by hormones

heart valves

act like gates, keeping the blood moving in that direction

aortic: on the left side between left ventricle and aorta

mitral: on the left side between left atrium and left ventircle

pulmonary: on the right side between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

tricuspid: on the right side between right atrium and right ventricle

heart conducting system

required for the heart to keep pumping regularly

electrical signals sent to the heart telling it when to contract

starts in the right atrium and crosses the atria (making both contract, and pumping blood through the valves into the ventricle)

signal travels through electrical pathways between atria and ventricles (causes ventricles to contract and pumping blood out of the heart)

heart beat and heart rate

beat: contraction of your heart to pump blood to your lungs and rest of your body

rate: # of heartbeats per minute (pulse)

* maximum: 220-age

heart palpitation

heart misses a beat, beats fast or flutters

caused by stress, exercise, medication, or a medical condition

worrisome but harmless

stroke volume

the amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat

fit people have a higher stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate

higher when exercising depending on intensity, age, body position, fitness levels, type of exercise, temperature and humidity

systole vs. diastole

heart contraction vs. heart relaxation

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves outside the CNS

can be afferent (sensory nerves) or efferent (motor nerves)

synapse

information going from the axon terminal end of one neuron to the dendrite of the next

types:

* chemical: one direction (but once signal is received, it becomes electrical)
* electrical: faster (but less common), in both directions, don’t have to wait for a chemical buildup

structure:

* synaptic cleft: gap between two neurons
* synaptic vesicles: contain chemicals and move to the next neuron by receptor sites
* presynaptic membrane: axon terminal end
* postsynaptic membrane: dendrite end