SHS 719 Exam 3 Study Guide - Vocabulary and Definitions for Reading Instruction

What are fully mastered reading and writing skills? (also called conventional literacy skills)

literacy skills

What are early skills that precede or are presumed to be, prerequisites for later developing reading and writing skills; include alphabet awareness, print awareness, and phonological awareness?

emergent literacy skills

Alphabet awareness, print awareness, and phonological awareness are considered _______________.

emergent literacy skills

______________ is the emerging knowledge of the alphabet, observed during the first three years; children may name letters in their names; may begin to write some of the letters of the alphabet.

alphabet awareness

_______________ is a child's interest in printed material, understanding that printed material is organized (moves left to right), and that printed words and letters have their names.

print awareness

______________ is awareness of phonemes and manipulation of sounds, syllables, words, rhyme and onsets and rimes; begins around 2 years.

phonological awareness

_______________ is a method of reading instruction that emphasizes sound-letter correspondences and skills in "sounding out"words; described as "decoding."

phonics

____________ is the smallest part of spoken language that affects word meaning.

phoneme

_____________ is the smallest part of written language; letters of the alphabet that represent phonemes; a grapheme maybe a single letter or a combination of letters (e.g. c for /k/ or /s/;ought for /o/)

grapheme

____________ is a skill in discriminating, identifying, and manipulating individual phonemes or sounds in spoken words.

phonemic awareness

____________ is skills in manipulating word forms (e.g. adding or deleting prefixes/suffixes, and inflections to root words), building morphologically complex words, segmenting and blending morphological units.

morphological awareness

What terms refer to correct writing skills?

orthographic knowledge/ orthographic awareness

_____________ is part of a word containing a vowel; the vowel can stand alone or be surrounded by one or more consonants (eg.ba-by; re-frig-er-a-tor)

syllable

Every word has these. The ________ is the initial consonant(s) sound of the syllable. A __________ is the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it.

onset, rime

(e.g. the onset of the word dog is d-, the rime is -og, the onset of the word bring is br- and the rime is -ing).

A ________________ contains plenty of books, magazines, and other printed materials for both the adults and children to read.

literacy-enriched home

What are characteristics of a literacy-enriched home?

-writing materials and supplies are plentiful and children have access to these

-children have a space to use the materials and have access to materials like alphabet charts/puzzles etc.

-educational toys are freely available to children

_________________ have few to no literacy materials.

literacy impoverished homes

What are the three major variables to emergent literacy skill acquisition?

-phonological awareness

-morphological awareness

-orthographic awareness

There is conflicting evidence as to the role of ___________________ in the development of later literacy skills.

phonological awareness

Early ____________ is assessed by the correct production of grammatical morphemes, especially the inflectional morphemes.

morphological awareness

_______________ is the best method of assessing the percent of correct and incorrect productions of grammatical morphemes.

a speech-language sample

Individual differences in learning literacy skills (eg. alphabet knowledge, print knowledge, etc.) are significant, and depend on ________________.

the home literacy environment

What is the best way to assess alphabet and print knowledge?

through child-specific alternative assessment procedures

When are early reading skills assessed?

k-3rd grade

What are the three major areas of assessment for reading skills?

-letter identification

-early reading skills (word identification and sounding out words)

-early writing skills

When assessing oral reading and reading comprehension, what skills should we assess first?

skills that first graders are expected to learn:

-spell-and-say the word

-oral reading

-fluency in oral reading

-comprehension of reading material

(many of these things can be assessed using the Gray Oral Reading Test-GORT)

How do you assess the following reading skill: spell-and-say the word (sounding out words)?

-select a three letter printed word appropriate for the child and their cultural background

-the clinician would ask the child to sound out each word then say it: /c/ /a/ /t/ cat

How do you assess the following reading skill: oral reading ?

-select graded reading material

-audio record reading samples and analyze for omissions, misreading additions, or failure to read words in sentences

How do you assess the following reading skill: fluency in oral reading ?

obtain a reading sample and count the number of correct words per minute

How do you assess the following reading skill: comprehension of reading material ?

at the end of the reading material, the clinician can ask questions to assess comprehension of what was read

________________ are those literacy skills that help them acquire academic and other types of knowledge. Expected at 4th grade and higher.

later reading skills/advanced skills

What advanced reading skills should be assessed?

-comprehension and production of figurative language

-abstract language

-more complex texts

What tasks can you use to assess early writing skills?

-connect dots to form the letters of the alphabet

-trace the letters on printed paper

-print the letters

-copy a few simple printed words that the clinician shows in storybook

-draw simple environmental objects

-write their name

-spontaneously write on a topic

What are later writing skills?

connected, extended, and expository writing; the assessment is targeted for grades 4 and higher

What are some important features to note about dyslexia?

-in order to diagnose, you need to know the child's ability(IQ). Generally children with dyslexia have average or above average IQs, so you are looking for a gap (at least one SD between reading skills and IQ)

-Dyslexia is not covered as a separate entity in the MDE--there are areas for reading comprehension etc; however, a school isn't going to just "test for dyslexia"

What are possible co-occurring diagnoses for children with complex communication needs?

-intellectual disability

-autism

-genetic syndromes (down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile x, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, etc.)

What are possible co-occurring factors for children with complex communication needs?

-endocrine or metabolic disorders

-cerebral palsy

-hearing loss

-prenatal factors

-anoxic events/TBI

___________________ are the primary tool for assessing children with CCN.

systematic quantitative and qualitative observations (SQQO)

What does a clinician do during an assessment using SQQO?

-engages the child in a variety of structured "play"activities

-gathers quantitative data and qualitative data regarding the child's communication.

-for instance, look for: atypical vocalizations, gestures, facial expressions, and emotional expressions

During an assessment using SQQO, an SLP should try to create a space through play that enables them to elicit what?

-social interaction

-initiation of communication with another person

-joint attention

-requests for a desired object or action

-declaratives

-protests

Some children with CCN will produce some type of atypical vocalizations or idiosyncratic noises. These are called ______________.

extant verbalizations

______________ ,sometimes called a protoword, is a vocalization that is stable and consistently produced under specific stimulus conditions.

phonetically consistent forms (PCF)

When assessing children with CNN, what should be noted?

-extant verbalizations

-true words

-word approximations

-phonetically consistent forms(PCF)

-echolalia or scripting may indicate gestalt language processing

Prognostic information for children with CNN is highly variable and can be dependent on ______________ ________________ and __________________.

-early intervention

-parent training

-family involvement

What variables tend to limit progress in children with CNN?

-a primary diagnosis that is known to negatively affect S+L development

-a history of regression in language skills

-poor stimulability for oral speech

-few to no gestural communication acts

-few to no communication acts that direct the adult's attention to an object or shared event

-the age of the child (older children are less likely to show the progress younger children might.)