Fungus

Chapter 31

heterotrophs

Fungi are ________ that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies

enzymes

Fungi use ________ to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

decomposers

break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

parasitic

fungi absorb nutrients from living host

mutualistic

Fungi absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)

the most common body structures of fungi are ______________________

morphology of multicellular fungi

enhances the ability to absorb nutrients

hyphae

network of branched filaments that make up the body of fungi, which is adapted for absorption

chitin

hyphae have tubular cell walls that are strengthened with ________

Septa Hyphae

Hyphae that are divided into cells by septa, which contain pores that allow the movement of organelles between cells.

Mycelium

fungal hyphae from an interwoven mass

Mycelium Structure

A network of hyphae that maximizes the surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing the efficiency of nutrient absorption.

specialized hyphae

some fungi have _________ for feeding on live animals

haustoria

specialized hyphae that allow fungi to extract nutrients from plants

arbuscles

mutualistic fungi have branching hyphae such as ________ that they use to exchange nutrients with plant hosts

mycorrhizae

are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

ectomycorrhizal

form sheaths of hyphae over
a root and typically grow into the extracellular
spaces of the root cortex

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

extend arbuscules through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the plasma membrane

phosphate ions and minerals

mycorrhizal fungi deliver ________ to plants

vascular plants

most ________ have mycorrhizae

vascular

water and minerals can travel through

spores

mycorrhizal fungi colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells called ___________

sexually or asexually

fungi propagate themselves by producing vast number of spores, either ______________

germinate

spores can ________ if they land in moist conditions with available food

wind or water

spores can be carried long distances by ____________

life cycles

spores can produce from different types of _____________

haploid

fungal nuclei are normally ___________ (sexual)

different mating types (+ and -)

sexual reproduction requires the fusion of hyphae from ________________ (sexual)

pheremones

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called _________ to communicate their mating type (sexual)

plasmogamy

the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia (sexual)

heterokaryon

stage in fungal reproduction where the fused mycelium contains two or more genetically distinct haploid nuclei (sexual)

karyogamy nuclear fusion

hours, days, or even centuries may pass before the occurrence of _____________ (sexual)

diploid cells

during karyogamy, the haploid nuclei fuses, producing ___________ (sexual)

genetic variation

the paired processes of karyogamy and meiosis produce __________ (sexual)

molds

produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia (asexual)

yeast

other fungi that can reproduce asexually are _____, which are single cells (asexual)

cell division and the pinching of the bud cells

instead of producing spores, yeasts reproduce asexually by simple ________________________ from a parent cell (asexual)

molds and yeasts

many __________ have no known sexual stage (asexual)

deuteromycetes

A group of fungi that do not have a known sexual reproductive stage and are classified based on their asexual reproduction (asexual)

genomic techniques

mycologists can now use ______________ to classify fungi

mycete or myco

meaning of fungi

chytrids (phylum chytridomycota)

found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents

can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists

zoospores

Chytrids are unique among fungi in having
flagellated spores, called ____________

zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota)

include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

black bread (rhizopus stolonifer)

the life cycle of __________ is fairly typical of the phylum

asexual sporangia

__________ produce haploid spores

zygosporangia

the zygomycetes are named for their sexually produced ______________

fungi lineages

chytrids

zygomycetes

glomeromycetes

ascomycetes

basidiomycetes

glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota)

were once considered zygomycetes

arbuscular mycorrhizae

nearly all species of glomeromycetes form ____________

ascomycetes (phylum ascomycota)

live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
commonly called sac fungi

saclike asci

ascomycetes produce sexual spores in ___________ contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps

ascocarps

The fruiting bodies of ascomycete fungi, which contain asci where sexual spores are produced.

ascospores

spores of ascomycetes

unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels

ascomycetes vary in size and complexity from __________________________-

conidia

ascomycetes reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called __________

conidiophores

conidia are produced at the tips of specialized hyphae called ____________

basidiomycetes (phylum basidiomycota)

includes mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

commonly called club fungi

clublike structure

the phylum basidiomycota is defined by a __________ called a basidium

basidium

A transient diploid state in the life cycle

basidiocarps

The mycelium can reproduce sexually by producing fruiting bodies called __________

white mushrooms

___________ are examples of basidiocarps

basidiospores

The numerous basidia in a basidiocarp are sources
of sexual spores called __________-

cellulose and lignin

Fungi are efficient decomposers of organic material

including _____________

cease

Without these critical fungi decomposers, life as we know it would __________

mutualistic relationships

fungi form _______________ with plants, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals (mycorrhizae)

benefit the host

Mutualistic fungi absorb nutrients from the host

organism and reciprocate with actions that _______________

lichen

a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

green algae or cyanobacteria

the photosynthetic component of lichen is ___________

ascomycete (sac fungi)

the fungal component of a lichen is most often ______________

mass of fungal hyphae

Millions of photosynthetic cells in lichen are held in a _______________

inner layer below the lichen surface

algae or cyanobacteria occupy an _____________________

scientific names of lichens

fruiticose, foliose, crustose

fruiticose

shrub like

foliose

leaf like

crustose

encrusting

parasites or pathogens

about 30% of known fungal species are _______________, mostly on or in plants

toxic to humans

some fungi on food are __________

ergot on rye

caused by an ascomycete and produces toxins

epidemic of ergotism

more than 40, 000 people dies from an ______________ during the middle ages

ergotism

characterized by gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, and temporary insanity

lysergic acid

ergots contain__________, the raw material for LSD

mycosis

general term for a fungal infection in animals

ringworm and athletes foot

examples of human mycoses

opportunistic

some mycoses are _________

candida albicans

opportunistic mycoses that cause yeast infections

cheeses, alcohol, and bread

humans eat many fungi and use others to make _____________________

antibiotics

some fungi are used to produce _________ for the treatment of bacterial infections

penicillium

ascomycete example of a antibiotic made from fungi