Population Health Exam 1

public health

what is a broad field of practice which is the backbone of the infrastructure supporting the health of a country, state, province, city, town or community?

population health

what is a a particularly important set of analytical strategies and approaches first used in public health to describe, analyze, and mobilize efforts to improve health in community-based populations and now being used in initiatives to improve outcomes of clinical populations

public health nurses

what are nurses practicing in a variety of settings to be engaged in community-based population focused efforts to improve the health of populations?

-Covid

-concern with cost of medical care & the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010

-US health and life expectancy worse than other high-income countries

what has recently increased attention to public health?

-assessment

-policy development

-assurance

what are public health core functions?

systematically collecting data on the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making information available about the health of the community

what does assessment mean iin relation to public health?

assessment

systematically collecting data on the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making information available about the health of the community

the need to provide leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population, including the use of the scientific knowledge base in making decisions about policy.

what is policy development in relation to public health?

policy development

the need to provide leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population, including the use of the scientific knowledge base in making decisions about policy.

the role of public health in ensuring that essential community-oriented health services are available, which may include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them

what is assurance in relation to public health?

-highest level of medical care, providing highly specialized and complex treatments and procedures that are not typically available at lower levels of care

-services designed to limit the progression of disease or disability

what is tertiary health care?

Tertiary

what level of healthcare is this:

services designed to limit the progression of disease or disability

tertiary of healthcare

what level of healthcare would include neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, transplant services, advanced burn care, plastic surgery, and advanced neonatology services

services designed to detect and treat disease in the early acute stage

what is secondary healthcare?

secondary healthcare

what level of healthcare would include include seeing a dermatologist for a skin condition, an orthopedist for an injury, an endocrinologist for a hormonal issue, or visiting an urgent care clinic

services designed to meet the basic needs of people in communities at an affordable cost

what is primary healthcare?

primary healthcare

what level of healthcare would include include preventive services like immunizations and health screenings, treatment for minor illnesses and injuries (e.g., colds, sprains), and management of chronic conditions like diabetes

prevent disease and disability and promote and protecr the community as a whole

what is the goal of public health nursing practice?

Medicare- for clients 65y/o+, disabled, has ALS, or permanemt kidney failure. has different types that cover different types of medical treatments/aid

Medicaid- for clients in specified low income and needy, children, aged, blind, and/or disabled (those who are eligible for ferderally assisted income). has multitued of services available to client

what is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

U.S. Public Health Service

what is todays most important federal public health agency?

U.S. Public Health Service

In 1798, Marine Hospital provided health care for merchant seamen and establish quarantine legislation for seaman and immigrants. What is this agency known as today?

Florence Nightingale

who organized hospital nursing practice and nursing education in hospitals to replace lay nurses with trained nurses?

William Rathbone

who founded the first district nursing association in Liverpool, England in 1859?

Jessie Sleet (Scales)

who was a Canadian graduate of Provident Hospital School of Nursing (Chicago), became the first African-American public health nurse when she was hired by the New York Charity Organization Society in 1900.

Ada Mayo Stewart

who began work with employees and families of the Vermont Marble Company in Proctor, Vermont.

Lillian Ward and Mary Brewster

who established Henry Street Settlement in 1893?

Lina Rogers

who was a a Henry Street Settlement resident, that became the first school nurse?

38 states

by 1900, how many states had establlished health departments?

Mary Breckinridge

who was the first nurse mid-wife in the US?

Mary Breckinridge

-to address rural and inaccessible populations

who estalbished the Frontier Nursing Service? why?

Bessue M. Hawes

who was the first recipient and graduate of Columbia University in New York.

Pearl Mclver

who was the first nurse employed by the US Public Health Service?

communicable diseases (pneumonia, TB) to chronis diseases (heart disease, CA, and stroke)

in 1955, the national mortality rate decreased by 47%. The leading cause of death changed from _____ to ______.

Medicare- include insurance benefits for older adults

Medicaid- increased care for the poor

what did the Social Security Act do for Medicare and Medicaid?

basically a network of providers for which costs are covered inside but not outside the network

what is a HMO (health maintanence organizations)?

2010

Patient Protective and Afforable Care Act passed in what year?

A group of people living in a defined geographical area who may share a common culture, values, and norms, and are arranged in a social structure.

what is a community?

vision of the future for Public Health and objectives to help attain that vision. Like a road map showing where we want to go as a nation and how we are going to get there.

what is Healthy People 2030?

community

what is a group of people living in a defined geographical area who may share a common culture, values, and norms, and are arranged in a social structure?

disease prevention and health promotion

what is the main goal of home health services?

nurses, social workers, PT, OT, ST, chaplains, home health aides/nurses etc

who is involved in interpersonal collaboration?

is a broad concept and approach to services that focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

what is home health care?

flu vaccine--prevention

what is an example of primary healthcare?

monitor client in home setting for early signs of a new health problem, and follow thru with MD, and administers treatment

what is an example of secondary healthcare?

Rehabilitation/Prevention: dietary modifications/insulin injections

what is an example of tertiary healthcare?

: specialized areas of practice designed to provide evidence-based physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual or existential care to individuals and families experiencing life-limiting, progressive.

what is hospice?

offered whether a cure is possible, end of life, and 6-month time period

what is palliative care?

defined by the individual client and includes any caregiver or significant other who assists the client with care at home

what is family?

involves transportation, helping clients meet their basic needs, providing personal care, meal preparation, medication administration, and treatments.

what is family caregiving?

family caregiving

involves transportation, helping clients meet their basic needs, providing personal care, meal preparation, medication administration, and treatments.

family

defined by the individual client and includes any caregiver or significant other who assists the client with care at home.

hospice

•specialized areas of practice designed to provide evidence-based physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual or existential care to individuals and families experiencing life-limiting, progressive.

tertiary healthcare

Rehabilitation/Prevention: dietary modifications/insulin injections

secondary healthcare

•monitor client in home setting for early signs of a new health problem, and follow thru with MD, and administers treatment

primary healthcare

flu vaccine--prevention

home health care

•a broad concept and approach to services that focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

William Rathbone

Home health care provided by formal caregivers in the United States originated in the nineteenth century and was based on the district nursing model developed by....

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

who published "On Death and Dying"

71 days

how long does medicare-certified hospice services typically stay with a client?

cancer

what was the initial primary dx of hospice clients?

1/3 is cancer

2/3 is neurological, cardiac, and other end-stage diseases

how many hospice clients have a dx of cancer? what makes up the other %?

pain control

what is the #1 concern for hospice nurses?

•terminology developed inductively by and for nurses who practice in the community.

what is the Omaha System?

Omaha System

•terminology developed inductively by and for nurses who practice in the community.

•Provides the foundation for an effective therapeutic relationship

•Clarify purpose of the referral for the visit

•Share purpose/reason for the home visit with the family and patient

what is the initiantion phase of a home visit?

-Initiate contact with family and patient

-This should be done by telephone before the home visit to introduce self, to identify the reason for the contact, and to schedule the home visit. The nurse should spend about 15 minutes making sure to give name, and professional identity.

-The nurse should review the referral and make sure the family is aware of the referral.

-Determine the willingness for home visit from the family.

-Schedule the home visits and let the family know the visit will usually take at least 60 minutes.

-Review the information.

what is the pre-visit phase of a home visit?

This is the actual visit to the home.

Opportunity to assess the neighborhood, community resources, the home, and family interactions.

Introduce self and professional identity.

The nurse should give a description of her/his role, responsibilities and limitations.

Determine the patient's expectations.

Interact socially to establish rapport and trust.

Establish nurse-client relationship.

Realize there may be interruptions (tv, cell, dog, people).

Implement the nursing process: assessment, interventions, and evaluation are ongoing.

what is the in-home phase of a home visit?

•Termination of visits/service begins at the first contact with the establishment of the goal/purpose.

•If communication has been clear, the family and the patient will be able to plan for future visits, set goals, and plan services.

•Review the visit with the family and patient.

what is the termination phase of an in-home visit?

•Major task of the post visit phase is to document the visit and the services provided.

what is the post-visit phase of an in-home visit?

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS, or simply HHS)

the agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare concerns of U.S. citizens.

•Administers more than 100 programs across its operating divisions. goals are to protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves.

is the agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare concerns of U.S. citizens.

•Administers more than 100 programs across its operating divisions. HHS goals are to protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves.

what is The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS, or simply HHS)?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

-a major component of the HHS.

-consists of eight agencies: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Health Resources and Services Administration, Indian Health Service, National Institutes of Health, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Food and Drug Administration is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Health Resources and Services Administration is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Indian Health Service is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

National Institutes of Health is a part of what organization?

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS, or simply PHS)

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration is a part of what organization?

U.S. Department of Homeland Security (USDHS, or simply DHS),

seeks to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards. The goals for the department include awareness, prevention, protection, response, and recovery.

seeks to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards

what does U.S. Department of Homeland Security (USDHS, or simply DHS) do?

-US Department of Health and Human Services (US Public Health Service)

-Department of Homeland Security (Community Emergency Response Teams/CERT programs

what are federal public health systems?

state health departments

what are state public health systems?

•Disaster prevention or response,

•Health care financing and administration for programs such as Medicaid,

•Providing mental health and professional education

•Establishing health codes, licensing facilities and personnel, and regulating the insurance industry.

•Direct assistance to local health departments, including ongoing assessment of community health needs.

what do state health departments do?

•Services and programs offered by local health departments vary depending on the state and local health codes that must be followed, the needs of the community, and available funding and other resources.

what do local health departments do?

Policy

a settled course of action which could be a law, a regulation, or a voluntary practice to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end

Public policy

all governmental activities, direct or indirect, that influence the lives of all citizens

Health policy

set course of action to obtain a desired health outcome for an individual, family, group, community, or society

Politics

the art of influencing others to accept a specific course of action.

Law

a system of privileges and processes by which people solve problems based on a set of established rules; it is intended to minimize the use of force

-Executive

-Legislative

-Judicial

what are the 3 branches of government?

The executive branch

composed of the president (or state governor or local mayor) along with the staff and cabinet appointed by this executive, various administrative and regulatory departments, and agencies such as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS).

The executive branch

suggests, administers, and regulates policy

The legislative branch

identify problems and to propose, debate, pass, and modify laws to address those problems.

The legislative branch

•made up of two bodies: the Senate and the House of Representatives, whose members are elected by the citizens of particular geographic areas.

The judicial branch

interprets laws and their meaning, as in its ongoing interpretation of states' rights to define access to reproductive health services to citizens of the states.

The judicial branch

•composed of a system of federal, state, and local courts guided by the opinions of the Supreme Court.

police power

allows states to act to protect the health, safety, and welfare of their citizens

Public Health Service (PHS).

The first major federal governmental action relating to health