Special Topics In Anatomy

What is the correct answer concerning the development of skeletal muscle?

1. Myoblasts originate from the ectoderm

2. Nuclei of myoblasts are located at the periphery of the cell

3. Satellite cells can regenerate mucle fibers in case of damage to the muscle

4. Myoblasts are mature cells

Satellite cells can regenerate mucle fibers in case of damage to the muscle

What is the cell located in the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) in the liver?

1. Satellite Cell (Ito Cell)

2. Kupffer Cell

3. Hepatocyte

4. Cholangiocyte

Satellite Cell (Ito Cell)

What is the correct answer concerning Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

1. Lifespan of affected children is normal

2. Heart of affected children is normal

3. It is linked to a deletion on the X Chromosome

4. It is linked to a deletion on the chromosome 5

It is linked to a deletion on the X Chromosome

What is the muscle protein which absence is causing Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

1. Desmin

2. Dystrophin

3. Elastin

4. Myosin

Dystrophin

Which muscle is more severely involved in the mdx mouse model of the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

1. Diaphragm

2. Gastrocnemius

3. Quadriceps

4. Soleus

Diaphragm

What is the definition of allotransplantation of cells in the muscles of patients affected with DMD?

1. Administration of cells from a normal donor

2. Graft of cells from a spared area in the affect patient

3. Intra-muscular transplantation of genetically modified cells from the patient

4. Bone marrow transplantation of genetically modified cells from the patient

Administration of cells from a normal donor

Which of the following is not the main objective of forensic anthropology?

1. Establish identity of remains using DNA

2. Establish a biological profile

3. Recognise identifying characteristics

4. Aid in recovery and location of remains

Aid in recovery and location of remains

What is the advantage of a viral vector compared to a plasmid vector in gene therapy?

1. Low level of transgene expression

2. Short term transgene expression

3. High level of transgene expression

4. Can induce an immune response against the viral vector itself or transgene

High level of transgene expression

Among the following moleculed, what is NOT a marker of microvessels?

1. Rat Endothelial Antigen-1 (RECA-1)

2. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule -1 (PECAM-1 or CD31)

3. Claudin-5

4. Albumin

Albumin

What is the difference between BMD and DMD?

1. BMD is more severe than DMD and linked to a larger deletion in the dystrophin gene

2. DMD is more severe than BMD and linked to a smaller mutation in the dystrophin gene that BMD

3. BMD is milder than DMD and linked to a small mutation in the dystrophin gene that DMD

4. DMD is milder than BMD and linked to a larger mutation in the dystrophin gene than BMD

BMD is milder than DMD and linked to a small mutation in the dystrophin gene that DMD

What is the factor NOT having a role in neovascularization?

1. FGF

2. ODGF

3. VEGF

4. CNTF

CNTF

What is the correct answer concerning epileptogenesis?

1. Immune-mediated damage to the CNS acts without causing blood-brain barrier leakage

2. Immune-mediate damage to the CNS does not lead to inflammation in brain parenchyma

3. Chemokines facilitate lymphocytes migration across the blood-brain barrier

4. Chemokines decrease chemotaxis of T Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Chemokines facilitate lymphocytes migration across the blood-brain barrier

Which factor is the factor of the termination phase of liver regeneration?

1. TGF-beta-1

2. HGF

3. EGF

4. TNF-alpha

TGF-beta-1

What is currently the best animal model of DMD?

1. dy mouse

2. golden retriever muscular dystrophy dog

3. mdx mouse

4. dystrophic macaque

golden retriever muscular dystrophy dog

What is the correct answer concerning liver regeneration?

1. Stellate cells produce HGF

2. Kupffer cells produce HGF

3. Sinusoidal endothelial cells produced IL-6

4. Hepatocytes produce TNF-alpha

Stellate cells produce HGF

Which is the correct answer about the pancreas?

1. Alpha cells produce insulin

2. Alpha cells produce glucagon

3. Beta cells produce glucagon

4. Beta cells produce somatostation

Alpha cells produce glucagon

What is the product of secretion of the parietal cells of the stomach?

1. Pepsinogen

2. Hydrochloric acid

3. Gastrin

4. Serotonin

Hydrochloric acid

What is the molecule most involved in lymphangiogenesis?

1. VEGF-A

2. VEGF-B

3. VEGF-C

4. FGF

VEGF-C

Among the following answers, give an expected effect of moderate ethanol consumption following post-ischemic injury of skeletal muscle?

1. It reduced the speed of skeletal muscle regeneration

2. It stimulates post-ischemic neovascularization

3. It increases apoptosis and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle fibers

4. It decreases post-ischemic neovascularization

It stimulates post-ischemic neovascularization

What is the member of the VEGF family most involved in embryonic development of the heart?

1. VEGF-A

2. VEGF-B

3. VEGF-C

4. VEGF-D

VEGF-B

Among the following answers, which factor does not influence the immune response to gene transfer-based transgene expression in the skeletal muscle?

1. Age of the animale

2. Immunosuppressive drug

3. Preexisting antibodies to the transgene

4. Number of sites to target

Number of sites to target

Which of the following molecules is a marker of putative stem cells in mitosis in the dentate gyrus?

1. NeuN

2. Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE)

3. Nestin

4. Microtubule Associated Protein-2 (MAP-2)

Nestin

Which of the following molecules is a marker of postmitotic mature neurons in the dentate gyrus?'

1. NeuN

2. GFAP

3. Nestin

4. Proliferating Cell Nucelar Antigen (PCNA)

NeuN

What is the wrong anser concerning neurogenesis in adults?

1. It is partly based on local neural stem celles

2. It is influenced by neuroinflammation

3. Bone Marrow stem cells can migrate to subgranular zone of dentate gyrus

4. Bone marrow stem cells do not migrate to subgranular zone of dentate gyrus

Bone marrow stem cells do not migrate to subgranular zone of dentate gyrus

Among the following answers, which area is a site of neurogenesis in the adult animal?

1. Dentate Gyrus

2. Occipital Cortex

3. Olfactory Tract

4. Area CA1 of the hippocampus

Dentate Gyrus

What is the correct answer concerning postnatal neovascularization?

1. Angiogenesis is the formation of embryonic blood vessesl from endothelial progenitor cells

2. In adults, neovascularization might result from angiogenesis and vasculogenesis

3. Vasculogenesis is the formation of blood vessesl from fully differentiated endothelial cells

4. There is no neovascularizarion is adults

In adults, neovascularization might result from angiogenesis and vasculogenesis

Among the following viral vectors, which one is not a good candidate for targeting muscle fibers?

1. Herpes Virus

2. Lentoviral Vector

3. Adenoassocoated Virus

4. Adenovirus

Herpes Virus

What is the member of the VEGF family most involved in angiogenesis?

1. VEGF-A

2. VEGF-B

3. VEGF-C

4. VEGF-F

VEGF-A

What is the function of bevacizumab (Avastin)?

1. An anti-EGFR molecule

2. An anti-PDGF antibody

3. An anti-FGF antibody

4. An anti-VEGF antibody

An anti-VEGF antibody

Axons in peripheral neres have the capacity to regenerate, while axons in the CNS do not. There are several reasons for this, one being the cell type involved. Which of these cells assist in the regeneration of peripheral nerves?

1. Ependymal Cells

2. Microglial Cells

3. Oligodendroglial Cells

4. Schwann Cells

Schwann Cells

What is the effect of moderate intake of ethanol on neovascularizartion?

1. It increases neovascularization in the brain

2. It decreases neovascularization in the brain

3. It decreases angiogenesis in the heart

4. It decreases VEGF expression

It increases neovascularization in the brain

Among the following answers, give an expected effect of Avastin following post-ischemic injury in skeletal muscles of animals receiving a moderate intake of alcohol?

1. It has no effect on post-ischemic neovascualiration

2. It decreases injury area in skeletal muscle fibers

3. It stimulates post-ischemic neovascularization

4. It decreases post-ischemic neovascularization

It decreases post-ischemic neovascularization

Which of these is the location of the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus ?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

C

What is the wrong answer concerning the functions of VEGF-A in agiogenesis?

1. It increases migration of endothelial cells

2. It is chemotactic for macrophages and granulocytes

3. It increases mitosis of endothelial cells

4. It is important in lymphangiogenesis

It is important in lymphangiogenesis

Which of the following best defines plastination?

1. A plastic replica of an organ

2. An encasement of tissue or an organ in plastic

3. Exchange of cell water by plastic

4. Modification of collagen fibrils by plastic

5. Replacement of muscles by plastic

Exchange of cell water by plastic

Which of the following constitutes the final stage of plastination?

1. Hydration

2. Fixation

3. Forced Impregnation

4. Dehydration

5. Hardening

Hardening

A patient presented with a deep laceration to the forearm. During exploration of the wound, the median nerve was found to be transected. How would you classify this injury?

1. Apraxia

2. Neurotmesis

3. Axonotmesis

4. Neuropraxia

Neurotmesis

A lacerated median nerve was repaired using fine epineurial sutures, If there are no complications, the patient wishes to find out how soon he can expect some return of function. What is the rate regeneration of a peripheral nerve?

1. 10mm/day

2. 5mm/day

3. 1mm/day

4. 20mm/day

5. 30mm/day

1mm/day

Among the following answers, which organ does NOT participate in the blood formation in the embryo before the 4th month of development?

1. Liver

2. Bone Marrow

3. Spleen

4. Yolk Sac

Bone Marrow

What is the correct answer concerning lymphopoiesis?

1. Small lymphocytes derive from common myeloid progenitor cells

2. Lymphoid progenitor/stem cells migrate to the thymus to differentiate into T Lymphocytes

3. B Lymphocytes are formed in the thymus

4. T Lymphocytes can differentiate into plasma cells

Lymphoid progenitor/stem cells migrate to the thymus to differentiate into T Lymphocytes

Among the following, what is not a colony stimulating factor?

1. Stem cell factor

2. GM-CSF

3. G-CSF

4. M-CSF

Stem cell factor

Among the following answers, what is the growth factor required for a myeloid progenitor cell to become a red blood cell?

1. Erythropoietin

2. G-CSF

3. M-CSF

4. Thrombopoietin

Erythropoietin

Among the following answers, what is the factor affecting negatively the mobilisation of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow?

1. G-CSF

2. HO-1

3. ADM3100

4. Inflammation

HO-1

Which transcription factor does not lead to the generation of induced pluripotent cells (iPS)?

1. c-myc

2. Sox2

3. SRY

4. Oct4

SRY

Among the following answers, what is the hormone not stimulating neurogenesis in adults?

1. Testosterone

2. Corticosteroids

3. Dihydrotestosterone

4. Leptin

Leptin

What is the correct answer concerning monocytes/macrophages?

1. They derive from common lymphoid precursor

2. Their formation is stimulated by erythropoietin

3. Their formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin

4. Their formation is stimulated by GM-CSF

Their formation is stimulated by GM-CSF

What is the correct answer concerning the factors retaining HSCs in the bone marrow?

1. The ligand of CXCR4 is VCAM-1

2. The ligand alpha -4- beta-1 integrin is SDF-1

3. Interaction between CXCR4 and alpha-4-beta-1 integrin is retaining HSCs in BM niches

4. Ligands are present on osteoclasts in the bone

Interaction between CXCR4 and alpha-4-beta-1 integrin is retaining HSCs in BM niches

What happens to the expression of the dystrophin-associated protein complex in case of DMD?

1. It is unregulated

2. It is decreased

3. It is unchanged

4. It cannot be restored by gene complementation

It is decreased

Which of the following experimental models is the best one to create type I diabetes?

1. Surgical resection

2. Administration of cerulein

3. Administration of streptozotocin

4. Pancreatic duct ligation cells

Administration of streptozotocin

What is the correct answer concerning a plasmid vector?

1. Level of transgene expression is high and transgene expression is long term

2. Level of transgene expression is low and transgene expression is long term

3. Level of transgene expression is high and transgene expression is short term

4. Level of transgene expression is low and transgene expression is short term

Level of transgene expression is low and transgene expression is short term

What is the correct answer concerning Adenoviral vectors?

1. They have a relatively large packaging capacity and they don’t induce any immune response

2. They have a small packaging capacity and they don’t induce any immune response

3. They have a relatively large packaging capacity and they can induce a strong immune response

4. They have a relatively small packaging capacity and they can induce a strong immune response

They have a relatively large packaging capacity and they can induce a strong immune response

What is the correct answer concerning lentiviral vectors?

1. They have a small packaging capacity

2. They only transduce dividing cells

3. They do not induce leukemia

4. They have a long-term transgene expression

They have a long-term transgene expression

What is the correct answer concerning adeno-associated vectors?

1. They have a large packaging capacity

2. They have a low immunogenicity

3. They only infect dividing cells

4. They have a short term transgene expression

They have a low immunogenicity

What is the correct answer concerning adeno-associated vectors?

1. They have a large packaging capacity

2. They always induce a strong immune response

3. They infect resting and dividing cells

4. They have a short term transgene expression

They infect resting and dividing cells

What is the correct answer concerning lentiviral vectors?

1. They have a small packaging capacity

2. They only transduce dividing cells

3. They can integrate the genome and induce leukemia

4. They have a short-term transgene expression

They can integrate the genome and induce leukemia

On a PA chest radiographic image, which of the following anatomical structures will appear radiolucent?

1. Aortic arch

2. Lungs

3. Diaphragm

4. Posterior ribs

Lungs

What is the time of renewal of the epithelial cells in the small intestine?

1. every 1-2 days

2. every 3-4 days

3. every 5-7 days

4. every month

every 5-7 days

What is the mildest lesion of the peripheral nerve?

1. Apraxia

2. Neurotmesis

3. Axonotmesis

4. Neuropraxia

Neuropraxia

What is the lesion of the peripheral nerve caused by mechanical compression or ischemia?

1. Apraxia

2. Neurotmesis

3. Axonotmesis

4. Neuropraxia

Axonotmesis

On a lateral radiographic image of the chest, name a structure located posterior to the trachea?

1. Oseophagus

2. Sternum

3. Superior Vena Cava

4. Ascending Aorta

Oseophagus

What is the correct answer concerning the regeneration of the pancreas?

1. During homeostasis, regeneration of the beta cells is based on self replication

2. During homeostasis, regeneration of the beta cells is based on islet cell conversion

3. During extreme beta cell loss, regeneration of the beta cells is based on self replication

4. Exocrine pancreas cannot regenerate after injury

During homeostasis, regeneration of the beta cells is based on self replication