Unit 3 - Blood and Blood cells

Blood

Signifies life

Functions of Blood

Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes,and hormones

Helps maintain the stability of internal fluids-homeostasis

Distributes heat to get out of the body

Blood is a type of _______ tissue.

connective

The matrix is the _______

Plasma

Plasma

holds all the cells together and is 3-4 times heavier than water

Cells are suspended in

a liquid extracellular matrix

Blood is made up of what?

Plasma and forced elements

Forced elements are

RBC, WBC, Blood platelets

Red blood cells have the scientific name ___________

Erthrocytes

White blood cells have the scientific name ___________

Leukocytes

Blood platelets have the scientific name ________

thrombocytes

Blood Volume is

typically 8% of body weight and about 5 liters worth in the body

Hematocrit makes up what percentage of blood?

45%

Hematocrit

red blood cell count

Plasma makes up ___% of blood

55%

Plasma in the blood is

the fluid of blood

The buffy coat makes up what percentage of whole blood?

1%

the buffy coat is made up of

Platelets and white blood cells

Blood cells are made in

red bone marrow in a process called Hematoposiesis

Hematoposiesis

formation of ALL blood cells (white, red, platelets)

red bone marrow

responds Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis

a hormone that regulates the rate of red blood cells - released from the kidneys

average life span of a erythrocyte

120 days

What is their form?

tiny biconcave discs (thicker outer and thinner inner)

Why their form?

Transportation of gases

Increases surface area (compared to a regular cell)

Places cell membrane closer to hemoglobin (in center)

Easily pass through narrow passages of capillaries.

Blood cells are anucleate

lack nucleus - function of cell simple

Blood cells have no mitochondria

passive process, does not need energy

Each erythrocyte is about ____ hemoglobin

1/3

Hemoglobin

a protein in which oxygen attaches to in a erythrocyte

When oxygen attaches to hemoglobin

the erythrocyte is bright red

When oxygen is released from hemoglobin

the resulting erythrocyte is a dull red

Blood is not

BLUE

Red blood cell count

The number of erythrocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood - varies from males to females to children

Needs in the diet:

Vitamin B12

Folic Acid

Iron

Anemia

Deficiency of RBC or reduction in hemoglobin

A person appears pale and lacks energy

Decrease in hematocrit

WBC are called Leukocytes

Protect against diseases

Blood transports leukocytes to site of infection

Platelets are called

thrombocytes

Platelets are

not really a cell, only cell fragments

Platelets help

repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces.

Form blood clot (scab)

Pus

There to help protect

Functions of blood plasma

Transports nutrients, gases, and vitamins.

Help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.

Maintain favorable pH.

Characteristics of Blood Plasma:

Plasma is clear (straw-colored).

55% of blood (other 45% formed elements)

Approximately 92% water.

What are the three main proteins in plasma?

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Albunins

Smallest of the proteins.

60% of all plasma proteins.

Help regulate water movement between blood and the tissues.

Thus this helps control Blood Pressure!!!

Globulins

36% of all plasma proteins.

Transport fats and vitamins.

Fibrinogens

4% of all plasma proteins.

Plays role in blood clotting.

Work with platelets

gases in plasma include

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Nutrients in plasma include

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

electrolytes in plasma include

Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and more.

Hormones in the plasma

travel to their target cells in the plasma

Wastes in the plasma

are carried out of the body by the plasma

Hemostasis

def: the stoppage of bleeding

- Vitally important when blood vessels are damaged.

- Following injury to the blood vessels, several actions may help to limit or prevent blood loss

Three main steps of blood hemostasis

- Blood vessel spasm

- Platelet plug formation

- Blood coagulation

blood vessel spasm #1

- Cutting or breaking a smaller blood vessel stimulates the smooth muscles in its wall to contract.

- Called vasospasm.

- This lessens blood loss as the cut begins to close

Platelet Plug Formation #2

Platelets come in and adhere to 3 things:

- To each other.

- To the end of the broken vessel.

- To exposed collagen.

Blood Coagulation #3

- Causes formation of a blood clot by a series of actions.

- The major event in blood clot formation is conversion of the blood plasma protein fibrinogen into threads of protein called fibrin.

- Fibrin stick to exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels.

- Creates meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets.

Thus it makes a blood clot.

Blood clotting is a type of _______

positive feedback system

Thrombus

abnormal formation of a blood clot in a vessel

Embolus

Blood clot dislodged, or breaks loose and carried away by the blood flow

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding - makes blood clotting harder which makes healing take longer (can cause more bleeding etc.)

Antigens

- RBC surface molecules, found on RBC's

- Present immediately in newborn

Types of Antigens

Types:

- Antigen A

Found in blood type A

- Antigen B

Found in blood type B

- Antigen Rh

Found in blood types that are + (positive)

Antibodies

- Carried in plasma

- Formed 2-8 months following birth.

Types of Antibodies

Anti-A (antibody A)

Anti-B (antibody B)

Anti-Rh (antibody Rh)

85% of the population is ______

Positive blood type

15% of the population is ____________

Negative blood type

Agglutination

- The clumping of red blood cells when testing for blood compatibility.

- Agglutination is due to reaction between antigens and antibodies.

- If the blood agglutinates, that means it is NOT compatible

Anti =

Antibody

A person receives what when given a blood transfusion

Only RBCs not Plasma

Rule 1

Whatever antigen is in that blood type = blood type

Rule 2

Like attacks like (the same antibody with attack the same antigen)

Rule 3

All three parts (A, B, and Rh) need to be accounted for in EVERY blood type.

Rule 4

Whatever Antibody you have in your blood determines which blood type you CANNOT receive.

Rule 5

Positive blood types can receive both + (positive) and - (negative)