HHII Theory: Theories of Grief, Transitions and Death Cultural Perspectives in Dying & Death

What are the types of elder abuse recognized in Canada?

Financial, clash in personality, sexual, physical, neglect, abandonment, emotional.

Differentiate between delirium and dementia.

Delirium is a sudden change in mental status, often reversible, while dementia is a progressive decline in cognitive function.

What is the definition of 'geriatric syndrome'?

Geriatric syndrome refers to a common set of symptoms in older adults that do not fit into discrete disease categories, often involving multiple systems.

Name one assessment tool used for nutritional screening in older adults.

Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is commonly used.

Name one assessment tool used to determine an older adult's cognitive functioning.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is often used.

What type of loss has Joe experienced after Annie's death?

Joe has experienced an actual loss due to the death of his wife.

What is the difference between actual loss and perceived loss?

Actual loss is a tangible loss, such as death, while perceived loss is an intangible loss, such as the loss of a dream or expectation.

What is maturational loss?

Maturational loss is a change in the developmental process that is normally expected during a lifetime, such as a child starting school.

What is situational loss?

Situational loss involves numerous losses rather than a single loss, such as the aftermath of an automobile accident.

Define grief.

Grief is the emotional response to a loss or death, influenced by beliefs, cultural expectations, spirituality, and coping strategies.

What is mourning?

Mourning is the shared, social response to loss, often expressed through symbols, ceremonies, or rituals.

What does bereavement include?

Bereavement includes both grief and mourning, representing a state of having lost a significant other to death.

Is Joe currently in grief, mourning, or bereavement?

Joe is currently in grief, as he is emotionally responding to the loss of his wife.

What are Bowlby's phases of mourning?

Bowlby's phases of mourning describe the emotional process individuals go through after a loss, highlighting the human need for connection.

What role do cultural perspectives play in grief and loss?

Cultural perspectives shape how individuals interpret and respond to grief, influencing their mourning practices and coping strategies.

How does Joe's experience relate to theories of grief, death, and dying?

Joe's experience illustrates the personal and cultural dimensions of grief, highlighting the complexity of loss and bereavement.

What is the nurse's supportive role in spirituality, grief, and death?

The nurse provides emotional support, facilitates communication, and helps patients and families navigate their grief and spiritual needs.

What are the learning outcomes related to Joe's case?

Explore Joe's grief responses, differentiate loss, bereavement, and grief, and observe family interpretations of Annie's death.

What is the significance of Joe's question, 'Why my wife, why not me?'

This question reflects deep existential grief and the search for meaning in the face of loss.

What is the importance of social support in mourning?

Social support helps individuals cope with grief, providing comfort and understanding through shared experiences.

How can understanding types of loss aid in supporting older adults?

Recognizing types of loss helps caregivers tailor their support to the specific emotional and psychological needs of older adults.

What is the first phase of mourning according to the 4 Phases of Mourning?

Numbness (shock and denial)

What are the second and third phases of mourning?

Yearning & searching (waves of grief, guilt, blame, tension, physical symptoms, difficulty thinking) and Disorganization/Despair (questions why/how loss occurred)

What is the final phase of mourning in the 4 Phases of Mourning?

Reorganization (begins to change; new relationships built)

What does Stroebe & Schut's Dual Process Model of Grief emphasize about grief?

Grief is a process of oscillation between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping.

What is loss-oriented coping?

An overwhelming sense of loss; missing the deceased.

What is restoration-oriented coping?

A sense of normalcy, even short term, by keeping busy and putting emotions of grief aside.

What is Neimeyer's Meaning Making of Loss?

A subjective process determined by the grieving individual, where the meaning attached to the loss affects the outcome of the grieving process.

How can meaning reconstruction aid in the grieving process?

It can enable a more positive adaptation to the loss.

What is Klass' Continuing Bonds theory based on?

Attachment theory, focusing on integrating memories of the lost loved one into the new life.

What are some ways to develop continuing bonds with a deceased loved one?

Visiting the cemetery, baking their favorite dessert, spending time in places they loved, wearing their clothing, sharing memories, or listening to music that reminds us of them.

What are the 5 stages of grief according to Kübler-Ross?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Grief & Depression, Acceptance.

What does it mean that the stages of grief are not linear?

People can experience more than one stage at the same time.

What characterizes the denial stage of grief?

A person will deny anything is wrong.

What is the anger stage of grief?

A person becomes furious at the fact that such a devastating thing could occur.

What is the bargaining stage of grief?

A person hopes for behavior to change a grief situation or evade oncoming death.

What typically follows the bargaining stage in the grieving process?

Grief & depression, usually resulting from the realization that bargaining has failed.

What does acceptance in the grieving process entail?

It does not mean all grief is gone; a person can resume aspects of life while still dealing with pain.

What factors influence grief, dying, and death?

Human developmental stage, psychosocial perspectives of loss/grief, socioeconomic factors, personal relationships, nature of the loss, culture & ethnicity, and spiritual beliefs.

How might Joe's family and friends be dealing with Annie's death?

The notes do not provide specific details, but they may be experiencing a range of emotions and coping strategies based on their individual relationships and circumstances.

What cognitive capacity do infants and toddlers have regarding loss or death?

Infants and toddlers lack the cognitive capacity to understand the permanence of loss or death.

What emotional responses might infants and toddlers exhibit when experiencing loss?

They may feel great anxiety, engage in protest (crying/yearning), and search for their loved one.

What behaviors might infants and toddlers show if their loved one does not return?

They may show grief through clinginess or regression.

What phase do infants and toddlers enter after a few days of loss?

They enter a detachment phase and may take renewed interest in toys and other people.

What basic understanding of death do preschoolers and school-aged children have?

They have a basic understanding that death is inevitable and happens to every living thing.

How do preschoolers and school-aged children often perceive their role in death?

They often associate misdeeds with causing death and believe they are to blame.

How do adolescents view death?

They view death as something to challenge.

What impact does death have on middle-aged adults?

They may experience anticipatory grief associated with aging and begin to re-examine life.

What is a common response of older adults to grief?

Older adults often experience anticipatory grief and may lose self-care skills but are often resilient.

What is the focus of the cultural perspectives on end-of-life care?

They involve sharing personal and cultural perspectives on end of life and grief.

What should students prepare to share about cultural perspectives on end-of-life care?

Students should choose at least two cultures to watch and be prepared to share with the class.

What is a common Inuit practice regarding death?

The Inuit understanding of death includes specific ceremonies, traditions, and spirituality.

What do Metis voices emphasize in their end-of-life practices?

Metis voices emphasize the calm and comfort provided by sweat lodges and smudging ceremonies.

What important rituals are described in the Somali perspective on death?

The Somali perspective includes religious rituals important when a Muslim dies.

What traditional beliefs are discussed in the Chinese perspective on death?

The Chinese perspective includes traditional beliefs and superstitions concerning death, especially around Chinese New Year.

What after-death practices are highlighted in the Filipino perspective?

The Filipino perspective describes traditional after-death practices.

What cultural belief is discussed in the Ethiopian perspective on grief?

The belief that talking about pain shows weakness is being challenged.

What nursing diagnosis might be formulated for Joe, who is experiencing nightmares after a death?

A nursing diagnosis could focus on disturbed sleep patterns related to grief.

What is one potential nursing intervention for Joe's situation?

One intervention could be to sit with Joe and encourage verbalization of his feelings.

What is an alternative nursing intervention for Joe besides encouraging verbalization of feelings?

Referring Joe to a psychologist or psychotherapist could be an alternative intervention.

What assessment could be conducted to understand Joe's sleep issues?

A detailed sleep-pattern assessment could be conducted.