Unit 5 tissues

what are tissues

groups of similiar cells with common function

what is the study of tissues

histology

what are the 4 major tissues in the body

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

nanotechnology

uses small structures to help medications cross the barrier

where can epithelial tissue be found

covers organs/body surface, lines cavities/hollow organs, makes up glands

how are epithelial cells classified

according to their cell shape and number of cell layers (organization)

characteristics of epithelial tissue

have a free surface on outside, basement membrane on inside; lacks blood vessels (avascular) and nutrients diffuse to epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue, cells readily divide and injuries heal rapidly, and cells tightly packed

epithelial tissue shapes

squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (tall)

epithelial tissue layers

simple (one layer of cells) stratified (2+ layers), pseudostratified (fake layered)

single squamous epithelial tissue line what organs

lines air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries and blood/lymphatic vessels

where are simple squamous epithelial found

diffusion and filtration sites

simple squamous epithelial characteristics

single layer of thin/flat cells, delicate and easily damaged

simple cuboidal lines what

lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, covers ovaries, lines ducts of some glands

purpose of simple cuboidal

secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal appearance

single layer of cube-shape cells

simple columnar characteristics

sometimes have cilia,microvilli, goblet cells

simple columnar function

secretion and absorption

what does the simple columnar line

lines uterus, stomach, intestines

pseudostratified columnar function

protection from infection. often has cilia or goblet cells

pseudostratified columnar lines what

respiratory passageways

stratified squamous lines what

oral cavity, female gential, glute canal

stratified squamous function

protective layer

stratified squamous characteristics

outermost cells are flat, deeper cells cuboidal, older cells torward free surface, outer layer of skin (keratinized)

stratified cuboidal lines what

ducts of mammary, sweat, salivary gland and pancreas

stratified columnar lines what

part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands

transitional/uroepithelium liines what

lines urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

what is diff about transitional

changes shape with increased tension and stretches

glandular epithelium composed of cells that do what

produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

what are the 2 glandular epithelium and what do they do

endocrine (secrete into tissue fluid or blood) and exocrine gland (secrete into ducts that opon onto surface)

what are the 2 exocrine types and give example

unicellular—-goblet cell which secrete mucus, multicellular—sweat gland, salivary gland, etc.

how do merocrine gland secrete fluids and give example

secrete fluid product by exocytosis; salivary/sweat gland, pancreas

apocrine gland example and what happens during secretion

lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary and ceruminous gland

holocrine gland

release entire cells filled with product; sebaceous gland

connective tissue functions

bind structures together, provide support/protection, serve as framework, fill space, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, help repiar tissue damage

what is the most abundant tissue type

connective tissues

connective tissue characteristics

cells farther apart than epithelial, contains matrix between cells

extracellular matrix consists of

protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid

extracellular matrix functions

scaffolding that organizes and anchor cell into tissues, relay chmical signals that control cell ivision/differentiation/tissue repair/cell migration

what are the major cell types of connective tissue

fibroblast macrophage and mast cells`

fibroblast function and charachtersistic

secrete fibers into extracellular matrix; large star shaped cell and most common fixed cell

macrophage function and charcteristics

defend against infection, conduct phagocytosis, usually attatched to fibers but can detatch and wander

mast cell characteristic and function

large cells, release heparin to prevent blood clotting, release histamine which causes inflammatory response

what are the three fibers produced by fibroblasts

collagen, elastic, reticular

collagen fiber found where

ligaments and tendons

which fiber type is the bodys main structural protein

collagen fibers

collagen fiber characteristics

thick threads of collagen, great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic

elastic (yellow fibers) characteristics

composed of elastin protein;branching, can stretch and return to og shape; not as strong as collagen fiber

what is elastic fiber composed of

elastin protein

where is elastic fibers found

vocal cord, respiratory air passages

reticular fibers found where

spleen, liver

reticular fiber characteristics

thin, branching fibers of collagen, form delicate supporting networks

chondrodysplasia

collagen chains are assymetric and too wide, causing stunted growth and deformed joints

marfan syndrome

deficiency of protein fibrillin'; leads to long limbs, spindlyfingers, sunken chest, weak aorta, dislocation of lens of eye

conective tissue proper includes

loose connective tissues: areolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissues include

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

specialized connective tissue includes

cartilage, bone, blood

areolar connective tissue found where

in subcutaneous layer, beneath most epithelia where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells

areolar connective tissue characteristics

what are the cells of areolar connective tissue mainly

fibroblasts

adipose tissue characteristics

adipose tissue function and location found

cushions and insulates. found beneath skin, behind eyeball, around kidney/heart, space between muscles

what type of tissue is this

areolar connective

tissue type

adipose

reticular connective tissue found where

walls of liver, spleen

reticular connective tissue characteristics

dense regular connective tissue found where

tendons, ligaments, dermis

dense regular connective tissue characteristics

dense irregular connective tissue found where

around skeletal muscles, dermis of skin

dense irregular connective tissue characteristics

elastic connective tissue found where

attatchements between bones of spinal column, walls of hollow organs such as large areteries/airways, parts of heart

elastic connective tissue characteristics

what are the 3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

what provides nutrients to the cartilage

perichondrium

cartilage function

support, framework, attatchment, protection of underlying tissue, model for developing bone

cartilage characteristics

what does cartilage lack

blood supply

chondrocyte

cartilage cells

what is the most common type of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

where is hyaline cartilage found

embryonic skeleton, end of bones in joint, nose, respiratory passage

what fibers do hyaline cartilage have

fine collagen fibers

elastic cartilage found where

external ear, larynx

characteristic of elastic cartilage

flexible due to elastic fiber in matrix

what is the strongest cartilage type and why

fibrocartilage due to many collagenous fibers

where is fibrocartilage found

intervertebral discs, bads of knee, pelvic girdle

fibrocartilage characteristics

shock absorber, very tough, many collagenous fibers

bone functions

protects vital structures, support structures, produces blood cell, sotres nd release Calcium and P, attatchement site for muscle

2 bone types

compact and spongy

bone characteristics

what is bone composed of

mineral, salt, collagen

osteocytes

bone cells

compact bone characteristics

osteons form what

cementd together to form compact bone

osteon characteristic

blood function

transport substance around body

red blood cell vs white blood cell function

red blood cell transport gases, white blood cell defend against inection

platelet function

help in blood clotting

blood characteristics

what are membranes

sheets of cells

epithelial membrane composed of what and what do they cover

composed of epithelial and connective tissue, cover body surface and line membranes

serous membrane line what

cavities that do not open to outside of body; inner lining of thorax and abdomen, covers organs