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Bio Final
Bio Final
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115 Terms
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Carbohydrates
Primary energy source; stored as glycogen (animals) or starch (plants)
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Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)
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Examples of Carbohydrates
Sugars, starches, cellulose
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Lipids
Energy storage, cell membrane structure (phospholipids), insulation
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Structure of Lipids
Glycerol + fatty acids
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Examples of Lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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Nucleic Acids
Genetic information storage & protein synthesis
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Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base)
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DNA
Double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, thymine (T)
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RNA
Single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil (U)
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Proteins
Structure, enzymes, signaling, transport
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Monomer of Proteins
Amino acids
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Enzymes
Speed up reactions; affected by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
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Examples of Proteins
Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes (e.g., amylase)
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Nucleus
Contains DNA, controls cell activities
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Mitochondria
ATP production (cellular respiration)
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Chloroplast
Photosynthesis (plants & algae)
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Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
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Rough ER
Protein synthesis
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Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
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Lysosomes
Digest cellular waste (animal cells)
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Cell Membrane
Regulates what enters/exits the cell (phospholipid bilayer)
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Passive Transport
No energy required
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Diffusion
Movement from high to low concentration
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Osmosis
Water movement across a membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion
Uses transport proteins
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Active Transport
Moves substances against concentration gradient (low to high)
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Example of Active Transport
Sodium-potassium pump
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Hypotonic
Water enters cell (cell swells)
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Hypertonic
Water exits cell (cell shrinks)
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Isotonic
No net water movement
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Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
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Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Exergonic
Releases energy (e.g., cellular respiration)
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Endergonic
Requires energy (e.g., photosynthesis)
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Prokaryotic Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction; DNA replicates, cell splits
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Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Stages
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (PMAT), Cytokinesis
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Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations
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DNA Replication Enzymes
Helicase: Unzips DNA, DNA Polymerase: Adds nucleotides, Ligase: Seals gaps
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Transcription
DNA → mRNA
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Translation
mRNA → Protein
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Example of DNA to Protein
DNA: TAC GGA TTT, mRNA: AUG CCU AAA, Amino Acids: Methionine-Proline-Lysine
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Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate
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Meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate
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Results of Meiosis
4 unique haploid gametes
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Oogenesis
1 egg + 3 polar bodies (unequal division)
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Spermatogenesis
4 equal sperm cells
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Karyotype
Chromosome chart; detects abnormalities
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Nondisjunction
Chromosomes fail to separate (e.g., Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome)
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Central Dogma
Describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
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Replication
DNA makes a copy of itself.
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Transcription
DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
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Translation
mRNA is translated into a protein.
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DNA
Stores genetic information.
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RNA
Acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.
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Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis.
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RNA Polymerase
Enzyme involved in transcription.
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Mitosis
Type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
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Prophase
Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form.
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Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
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Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
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Telophase
Nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense.
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Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides, forming two identical cells.
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Meiosis
Two-stage cell division process that reduces chromosome number by half, creating four genetically unique haploid gametes.
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Prophase I
Chromosomes pair up (synapsis), crossing over occurs.
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Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes align in the middle.
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Anaphase I
Homologous pairs separate.
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Telophase I & Cytokinesis
Two haploid cells form.
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Prophase II
New spindle fibers form.
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Metaphase II
Chromosomes align in the middle.
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Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate.
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Telophase II & Cytokinesis
Four haploid cells form.
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Genetic Variation
Introduced through crossing over and independent assortment.
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Somatic Cells
Cells that undergo mitosis.
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Gametes
Cells that undergo meiosis (sperm and eggs).
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Mitosis
A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
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Meiosis
A type of cell division that results in four unique daughter cells.
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Number of divisions in Mitosis
1
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Number of divisions in Meiosis
2
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Number of daughter cells in Mitosis
2
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Number of daughter cells in Meiosis
4
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Genetic composition in Mitosis
Identical
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Genetic composition in Meiosis
Unique
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Chromosome number in Mitosis
Diploid (2n)
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Chromosome number in Meiosis
Haploid (n)
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Occurs in Mitosis
Somatic cells
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Occurs in Meiosis
Gametes
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The process by which DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into proteins.
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Transcription
The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
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Translation
The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
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Crossing over in meiosis
A process that increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
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Spindle fibers
Structures that help separate chromosomes during cell division.
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DNA
A nucleic acid that stores genetic instructions for protein synthesis.
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RNA
A nucleic acid that transfers genetic information and is involved in protein synthesis.
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Sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
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Sugar in RNA
Ribose
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Strands in DNA
Double-stranded
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Strands in RNA
Single-stranded
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Bases in DNA
A, T, C, G
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