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Oral Transmission
Music was passed down orally before written notation.
Neumes
Early notation symbols indicating pitch direction (up or down).
Heighted Neumes
Neumes placed at different heights to show relative pitch.
Guido of Arezzo
Invented the 4-line staff for precise pitch notation.
Solmization
Developed solmization (do-re-mi) for sight-singing.
Guidonian Hand
Created the Guidonian Hand as a teaching tool for pitch.
Rhythmic Notation
6 Rhythmic Modes: Patterns based on poetic meters (e.g., trochaic, iambic).
Franconian Notation
Franco of Cologne introduced note shapes to indicate rhythm.
Mensuration Signs
Symbols indicating rhythmic proportions (e.g., tempus, prolatio).
Chant
Monophonic, unaccompanied liturgical music.
Gregorian Chant
Standardized by the Catholic Church.
Ordinary of the Mass
Fixed texts (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei).
Proper of the Mass
Variable texts for specific occasions (e.g., Introit, Gradual).
Liturgical Drama
Combined music, drama, and religion.
Hildegard of Bingen
Composed Ordo Virtutum, a morality play with music.
Troubadours and Trobaritz
Poet-musicians in southern France (12th-13th centuries).
Themes of Troubadours
Courtly love, chivalry, and politics.
Trobaritz
Female troubadours (e.g., Comtessa de Dia).
Medieval Dance Music
Instrumental music for social dancing.
Motet
Evolved from sacred to both sacred and secular vocal music.
Polytextual
Multiple texts sung simultaneously.
Organum
Early polyphony, adding a second voice to chant.
Parallel Organum
Voices move in parallel motion.
Free Organum
Voices move independently.
Notre Dame Period
Leonin: Composed Magnus Liber Organi (Great Book of Organum).
Perotin
Expanded polyphony to 3-4 voices.
Perfection Rhythm
Triple meter as the 'perfect' rhythm.
Ars Nova
Introduction of duple meter.
Guillaume de Machaut
Composed the first complete polyphonic Mass (Messe de Nostre Dame).
Isorhythm
Repetition of rhythmic patterns in the tenor voice.
Mass Cycle
Unified polyphonic setting of the Mass Ordinary.
Humanism
Focus on human emotion and expression in music.
Music Printing
Enabled wider dissemination of music (e.g., Ottaviano Petrucci).
Consonance
Greater use of 3rds and 6ths for harmony.
John Dunstable
Influenced continental composers with consonant harmonies.
Guillaume Du Fay
Blended English and continental styles.
Josquin Desprez
Master of imitative counterpoint and text expression.
Point of Imitation
Voices echo each other in succession.
Text-Music Relationship
Music structured to reflect the text (e.g., word painting).
Martin Luther
Lutheran Chorale: Simple, strophic hymns for congregational singing.
Contrafactum
New religious texts set to existing melodies.
Palestrina
Ideal composer for clear text declamation and balanced polyphony.
Madrigal
Expressive secular vocal music.
Text Painting
Music depicts or expresses the text.
Secular Songs
Growth of vernacular song genres (e.g., chanson, frottola).
Doctrine of Affections
Music expresses specific emotions.
Seconda Practica
Emphasis on text over rules (e.g., Monteverdi).
Basso Continuo
Continuous bass line with harmonies (harpsichord, organ, lute).
Idiomatic Writing
Music tailored to specific instruments.
Florentine Camerata
Developed monody (solo voice with accompaniment).
Recitative
Speech-like singing for dialogue.
Aria
Lyrical, expressive solo song.
Monteverdi's Orfeo
Early opera masterpiece.
Tragédie Lyrique
Jean-Baptiste Lully's style under Louis XIV.
Dance Suite
Collection of stylized dances (allemande, courante, sarabande, gigue).
Court Ballet
Theatrical dance with music.
Trio Sonata
Two melody instruments with basso continuo.
Solo Sonata
One melody instrument with continuo.
Ritornello Form
Alternating tutti and solo sections.
Antonio Vivaldi
Composed The Four Seasons and worked at the Pio Ospedale della Pietá.
Cantatas
Sacred and secular vocal works.
Art of Fugue
Masterpiece of contrapuntal technique.
Oratorio
Sacred dramatic works (e.g., Messiah).
English Oratorio
Large-scale works for English audiences.
