module 1 study guide 201

communication

•      The process of exchanging ideas, needs, thoughts, and feelings between a sender and a receiver, using verbal or nonverbal means.

language

A socially shared, rule-governed system of arbitrary symbols used to represent ideas and communicate meaning.

speech

 The neuromuscular, physical act of producing the sounds of language using the respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems.

Congenital:

Present at birth.

Developmental

•      Emerges during the course of a child's development, often without a known single cause.

Acquired

•      Occurs after a period of normal development, typically due to injury, illness, or disease (e.g., stroke, TBI).

Organic:

Has a known physical or physiological cause (e.g., structural or neurological damage).

Functional

•      Has no identifiable organic cause; origin is behavioral, learned, or unknown.

Communication Difference:

•      Variation from the mainstream culture without evidence of impairment (e.g., bilingual language patterns).

Body Level (Impairments):

Problems or significant deviations in body function or structure directly caused by the health condition (e.g., a brain injury causing executive dysfunction

Individual Level (Activity Limitations):

Difficulties the person faces in executing basic tasks because of those impairments (e.g., struggling to plan a daily schedule or cook a meal).

Societal Level (Participation Restrictions):

•      Problems the individual encounters when trying to engage in life situations because their environment doesn't accommodate their needs (e.g., being unable to hold a job due to rigid workplace structures).

Articulation/phonological disorders

problems with producing sounds.

Fluency disorders

•      disruptions in flow of speech (e.g., stuttering).

Voice disorders

•      issues with pitch, loudness, or quality.

Developmental Language Disorders:

•      interfere with education/social success (e.g., autism, specific language impairment, dyslexia).

Acquired Language Disorders

•      brain damage in adults (e.g., aphasia, dementia, Parkinson's).

Hearing Disorder

•      Deficiency in detecting sounds.

Degree of Loss Mild (15–30 dB)

can hear vowels & most consonants at conversation

degree of loss Moderate (30–50 dB)

difficulty with unstressed words/endings

degree of loss Severe (50–70 dB)

hears environmental sounds but not speech.

degree of loss Profound (>70 dB)

◦       hears only extremely loud sounds.

Conductive:

◦       outer/middle ear.

Sensorineural

◦       inner ear/nervous system.

mixed

combination

Speech Scientists:

◦       research speech production/perception.

Language Scientists:

◦       study language structure, acquisition, and use.

Hearing Scientists

◦       research hearing/balance and related disorders.

Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs):

◦       assess/treat speech, language, swallowing.

Audiologists

assess/treat hearing and balance disorders.

Phonemes:

•      Smallest units of sound that distinguish words, sounds not letters.

Allophones:

Variations of a phoneme.

Minimal pairs:

Words differing by one phoneme (e.g., “bat” vs. “pat”).

Place, Manner, Voicing:

Categories for consonant classification.

Syllables

•      Units of speech containing a vowel (nucleus) — onset, nucleus, coda.

Content:

•      Semantics, Lexicon.

Form

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax.

Use

Pragmatics (rules for language in social contexts).

Socialization

the lifelong process by which a person learns and internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of their own primary culture, typically beginning at birth.

Acculturation

•      the process of adapting to and adopting the values, beliefs, and norms of a new or different culture, which usually occurs later, after contact with that culture.

Simultaneous bilingualism

acquiring two languages at the same time from birth (generally before around age 3); both languages are effectively “first languages.”

Sequential bilingualism

acquiring a first language and then learning a second language afterward, once the first language is already partially established

L1

a person's first or native language, acquired from birth

L2

•      a second language, acquired after L1, typically through sequential bilingualism.

L1 Attrition

•      (also known as first language loss or native language erosion) is the gradual loss or decline in proficiency, fluency, and structural accuracy of a person's first language (L1) due to reduced input and the overwhelming dominance of a second language (L2).

Code-switching

•      is the practice of alternating or shifting between two or more languages, dialects, or language varieties within a single conversation, sentence, or social setting.

BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills)

everyday, conversational, socially-supported language used in face-to-face interaction; typically develops within about 1–2 years of exposure.

CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency

•      the more abstract, decontextualized language needed for academic tasks and content-area learning; typically takes about 5–7 years to develop.